Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity - 2164 Words

As mainstream media is now embracing the once taboo topics of sexual orientation and gender identity as popular culture utilities, psychologists and medical professionals are still researching the biological, psychological, and social differences between the two. Since the phenomena of  ¨coming out, or openly identifying as a sexual orientation or gender identity besides heterosexual or cisgender respectively, is a relatively recent anomaly, there is limited but contemporary research. The analyses done so far indicate a universal and clear consensus signaling the separation and unrelated nature of sexual orientation and gender identity. The American Psychological Association on their webpage defines sexual orientation as â€Å"...the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted...research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum. In addition, some research indicates that sexual or ientation is fluid for some people.† While in contrast, gender identity is defined as â€Å"one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender.† Milton Diamond attempted to separate the aspects of one’s personality in his 2002 research paper entitled Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different. Diamond asserts that in order to understand the distinction between gender and sexual identity, one must understand the distinction between gender and sex, two words commonlyShow MoreRelatedSexual Orientation And Gender Identity863 Words   |  4 PagesRecent studies estimate that between one and nine million children in the United States have at least one parent who is either lesbian, gay, or transgender. However, many people feel uncomfortable about being open due to their sexual orientation and gender identity due to fears of discrimination; such fears include, but are not limited to, loss of employment, loss of child cust ody, anti-gay violence and hate crimes. Although many people may have distinctive opinions on certain outcomes or effectsRead MoreGender Identity And Sexual Orientation3311 Words   |  14 Pagessexualities and gender identities are quickly becoming more accepted in mainstream society. Despite this change, there are many people who believe that having a different sexual orientation or gender identity is a choice that is frowned upon. In order to refute this belief, research and biology of the brain is necessary. Researching the brain on the basis of sexuality is a fairly new topic of discussion because it is somewhat difficult and confusing. This paper will explore the different identities of genderRead MoreSexual Orientation And Gender Identity1496 Words   |  6 Pagesheteronormativity everywhere they turn. It is true that civil rights for LGBT people have progressed enormously. As of January 2, 2015, 35 states have legalized same-sex marriage, 18 states have workplace discrimin ation laws that cover both sexual orientation and gender identity, and the majority of public schools must have bullying policies that protect LGBT students. Despite how far we have come, there is still a lot of work to do in the area of acceptance. The only way homophobia will be diminished on aRead MoreSexual Orientation And Gender Identity Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesthey have become more open about their community and have gained rights that they should have always had. Even though the community has made progress they still have a long way way to go especially within the workplace. The topic of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination in the workplace is something I am very passionate about. When I was nine years old my father came out to me and every sense then gay rights has been something I am extremely passionate about. My father has worked forRead More Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Essay example3593 Words   |  15 Pagesand gender identities are quickly becoming more accepted in mainstream society. Despite this change, there are many people who believe that having a different sexual orientation or gender identity is a choice that is frowned upon. In order to refute this belief, research and biology of the brain is necessary. Researching the brain on the basis of sexuality is a fairly new topic of discussion because it is somewhat difficult and confusing. This paper will explore the different identities of genderRead More Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and The Social Pressures of Adolescents1983 Words   |  8 PagesAlthou gh we live in modern times, stigmas regarding gender identity cease to exist. These biases are prevalent within various cultures. Male and female adolescents are stifled from expressing themselves based on how they personally relate to their own femininity or masculinity and sex roles. The cause of this constriction of emotions is due in large part to these young people being coerced into obeying the rules of society. In addition, societal constructions seem to totally disregard theRead MoreThe Prevention Of Violence And Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity1713 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity Student Officer: Sarah Lim Position: Chair of the Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee ________________________________________ Introduction: Gender identity and sexual orientation is one of the more stigmatized and marginalized aspects of self-expression for any human in our society today. A state or country with a more liberal take on the expression of gender identity and sexual orientation tends to be more prosperous, inRead MoreGay Marriage And Its Slow Progression Of Acceptance1441 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent theme in society as more time passes. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation refers to the sex or sexual interest to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to. Heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are the three mostly familiar categories of sexual orientation for a typical person, and these sexualities make up for 98.9% of the sexual orientation among American adults (Ward 1, et al). But what about the other 1.1% of sexualities? While theseRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Sexuality In The United States876 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first 10 articles on the pa ge and found that the seventh result was what I was looking for. I chose this particular article because it was a 10-yearlong study dedicated to sexual identity in the United States. This is a national longitudinal study examining the stability and change of sexual orientation identity over time data was drawn from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States through a survey. The survey was conducted twice either by mail or phone what theyRead MoreGay, Straight, And The Reason About Sexual Orientation1236 Words   |  5 Pageshuman sexual orientation. More same-sex couples have fostered children than ever before in our nation s history. Institutions such as military and professional sports have (slowly but surely) began to accept openly gay members. Most importantly, a recent amendment to the Marriage Act of 1961 now defines marriage as a union of two people; an amendment which removed the prohibition of same-sex marriages. These landmarks in the progression of social awareness surrounding sexual orientation are derivative

Analysis Of The Movie Gangnam Style A K Pop Single By...

Gangnam Style, a K-pop single by Korean musician Psy was released in July 2012 and became an instant sensation all across the world. The popularity of this song and dance went viral, however, there is an prominent issue with the stereotype of asian males. Gangnam style is a a great example and representation on the emphasis of how established stereotypes of Asian males remain and continue in the media, particularly in Western media. In a personal opinion, Gangnam Style is such a success due to its Asian stereotype that is depicted as being fascinating and almost comical. The song has little English words and many people in the world do not understand a single word of the lyrics, let alone the meaning of it. The reason I picked this topic is because it’s safe to say that almost everyone in the world knows, or has heard of this song and I don’t understand why, and I can only come to conclude that it is due to this racist, yet evolving stereotype of the Asian male represen ted in its music video. Gangnam style isn’t just another well-known song, to me, the music video is a little offensive and makes me wonder if people actually realize how unpleasant and discriminating the music video is. This topic may be extremely different from my previous topic choices such as Tiger moms, but as the days went by, I was concerned and felt more and more repulsiveness to how this particular song managed to achieve such success in the global market and mainstream popularity within the entire

Feasibility Report on Project Milagro

Question: Describe about the Feasibility Report on Project Milagro? Answer: Feasibility Report on Project Milagro Project Milagro is a project taken under Human Resource division to reduce the operational time for a new employee. Target of this project is to minimize the time entity takes to onboard new resources its recruited. Time reduction leads to reduced cost and increased profitability for company. At current situation company takes 10 business days to set up working facilities for a new employee and project target is to reduce such time to 5 business days, which result in saving time and cost. Other than this a new employee takes 60 days to work independently and during these days he can work up to his 80% capacity. So during this period entity loses 20% of their effective time which results in increased cost of establishing a new employee. It is expected that after project completion these 60 days will reduce to 45 days and hence entity will save 20% cost for 15 days at least. 1. We have analyzed the project Milagro and observe cost avoidance per employee is not calculated correctly. Following are some area of concerns: A. After project completion idle time per employee during set up period is 5 business days whereas at current situation it takes 10 days. So cost can be avoided for 5 working days after set up, whereas as per project statistics all 10 days cost is taken as avoidable cost which is not correct. After project completion also company has to bear cost for 5 business days, which is not avoidable.As per project, avoidable cost is $ 3,200 per employee (10 days* 8 Hours * $ 40 per hour). But as per feasibility report, avoidable cost is $ 1,680 per employee (5 days * 8 Hours * $42 per hour). So there is difference of $ 1,520 per employee during set up period only. 1. Again as per project, in first 60 days employee will not be able to work independently so there is not fully utilization of capacity. As per project statistics entity will save 20% cost for 60 days for an employee which comes to $ 3,840 per employee (60 days * 8 hours * $ 40 per hour * 20%). But our observation is different from it, as after completion of project an employee can work independently after 45 days only instead of 60 days. During this 45 days also, employee will utilize its 80% capacity. So after comparing both the situation we can find that there is saving of only 20% during last 15 days. So actual avoidable cost is $1,008 per employee (15 days * 8 Hour * $ 42 per hour * 20%). So there is difference of $ 2,832 in avoidable cost per employee as per our observation and project calculation. 2. New hire amount is $ 42 per hour per employee. As per this new avoidance cost is as follows: Idle time sitting cost for set up period: 5 business days * 8 hours * $ 42 per hour = $ 1680 per employee Further, 20 % capacity which can be utilized for extra 15 days after project completion is also saving. So cost of this time is also avoidable cost. = (60 days 45 days) * 8 hours * $ 42 per hour * 20% = $ 1008 per employee So, total cost which can be avoided = $ 1680 + $ 1008 = $ 2688 per employee 3. Breakeven point is the point where total project cost can be realized by saving in employee hiring cost. Actual total cost of project is $ 220000 which was earlier calculated as $ 226000. Breakeven point for this project = Total Project Cost Cost avoidance per new hire = $ 220000 $ 2688 = 82 employees As per current project details, entity has to hire 82 employees to recover its project cost. 4. As per given project cost, cost which can be avoided and planning to hire number of employee it is not feasible to go forward with this project, as project cost is higher than planned cost saving. After hiring 82 employees entity can recover its cost whereas entity is planning to hire only 40 employees. So project is not feasible. 5. There are some improvements has to be done in project so that it can achieve its target. Following improvements can be done: 1. Total project cost should be reduced.2. Process of setting up infrastructure should be revisited and needs radical changes so that time of set up can be reduced.3. There should be agreement with supplier of all infrastructure facilities provider so that within two business day all required item can be purchased.4. Minimum period required to start working independently has to reduce or at least maximum capacity can be used for such period. So wastage of effective time has to reduce from 20%. References: https://www.straitstimes.com/premium/forum-letters/story/not-feasible-reduce-cost-hiring-foreign-labour-20150117 https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Eq-Inc/Feasibility-Study.html https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217866 https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09670731011071656

Without Love Life is Meaningless free essay sample

What is Love? Love is a feeling of strong or constant affection for a person, attraction that includes sexual desire, it is the strong affection felt by people who have a romantic relationship. Love is also an object of attachment, devotion or admiration of something. Poets and authors have tried to define love for centuries, now even scientists want to discover the human mechanics of what makes us love. Many of us know intuitively that love is a major purpose for living; that connection is inherent in all that we do, and without love, we cannot survive as a species. We all have our own opinions, thoughts, and perspective of what love actually is. Love is defined in many ways. We have all experienced love at least once to have a concept of what love means. Besides the fact if we have been heartbroken. Some might say love is when you’re in a relationship with a significant other by committing to monogamy, sex, attraction, trust, and respect and caring for your loved one. We will write a custom essay sample on Without Love Life is Meaningless or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Others know of the unconditional love for one’s child, the love for sports is rooting for your favorite team and player, the love of art; there are many aspects of love. In the novel â€Å"The History of Love† by Nicole Krauss, Leo suffers misfortune and betrayal, but the novel he writes in order to survive is written not out of despair but out of love. And it is the love expressed within his novel that leads to a sequence of actions of love that brings Leo a connection to his lost son and also a relationship with another young woman named Alma at the end of his life. Overcoming many obstacles, Leo and the young Alma, each driven by love, don’t give up in their individual quests for the original Alma, the one who inspired the fictional â€Å"History of Love†. Leo and Alma both receive a letter from one another. Leo believes it is from his old love Alma, her spirit, has sent the letter. While Alma wonders who has actually sent the anonymous letter. Leo is a sad, undignified, hopeless person but Alma is happy and devoted to finding love for her mother, determined to put the pieces to the puzzle that is Alma Mereminski. Their actions create a new world, one that leads them to seem like angels to each other. Although Leo and Alma claim they know what love is, they’re hopeless for love, love reveals the truth behind secrets and their behavior proves obsession can consume you to see in your mind’s eye. Leo is elderly person who has endured and overcome difficult obstacles throughout his life. The love he has for Alma Mereminski makes him survive the Holocaust. After three and a half years later he went in searched for Alma Mereminski he took a train, a boat traveled to New York Harbor and finally a subway train to Brooklyn. To only find out she was married to another man who she has two small boys with. Leo had promised to never fall in love with another girl other than her and kept his promise. During the course of his life he never married or fell in love again. He was hopelessly devoted to Alma Mereminski all through his life. He was unconditionally devoted to something to the point where it’s not healthy or celebrated. Leo implies he is stuck in a relationship because of a sense of love, duty and loyalty to what might even be seen as him harming himself. Revelations are also being revealed by Alma Singer as she discovers who the true writer of â€Å"The History of Love† is which she has been named after the main character Alma M. Her mother Charlotte has received a letter by Jacob Marcus to translate the Spanish novel for him. Charlotte agrees and translates the novel with a short detailed letter not knowing Alma S. has wrote to him instead destroying the letter her mother wrote. Alma continues to write to him in hopes her mother will get to know Jacob Marcus more than a novel translator. One day she receives a letter from Jacob Marcus and realizes that Jacob Marcus is not whom he says he is. Jacob Marcus is Isaac Mortiz the writer of â€Å"The Remedy† and Jacob was one of the main characters in his book. She is determined getting to the bottom of the truth behind â€Å"The History of Love†. Alma S. starts her journey with a list of clues to find out who the real Alma is.

How Fluorescent Lights Affect You and Your Health

How Fluorescent Lights Affect You and Your Health Fluorescent lights are a common light source in office buildings and shopping markets. With the advent of compact fluorescent lights, they are becoming commonplace in most homes as well. Fluorescent lights are less expensive to buy compared to how long they last (about 13 times longer than regular incandescent bulbs) and they are much less expensive to operate. They require a fraction of the energy that incandescent bulbs use. But they can have negative impacts on your health. The Problems There were hundreds of studies done over the last quarter of the last century that showed causal links between elongated exposure to fluorescent lights and various negative effects. The foundation of most of these problems is the quality of light thats emitted. Some of the theories about negative effects or dangers stem from the fact that we evolved with the sun as our main source of light. It is only relatively recently, with the proliferation of electricity, that humankind has taken complete control of the night and interior spaces. Before that, most light came from the sun or a flame. Since flames dont give much light, humans usually woke along with sunrise and worked outdoors or, later in our history, by windows. With the light bulb, we had the ability to do more at night and to work in enclosed rooms without windows. When the fluorescent lights were invented, businesses had access to a cheap and durable light source and they adopted it. But fluorescent bulbs do not produce the same type of light as the sun gives us. The sun produces a full spectrum light: that is, a light that spans the entirety of the visual spectrum. In fact, the sun gives a lot more than the visual spectrum. Incandescent lights give off a full spectrum, but not as much as sunlight. Fluorescent lights give off a rather limited spectrum. A lot of human body chemistry is based on the day-night cycle, which is also known as the circadian rhythm. Theoretically, if you do not get sufficient exposure to sunlight, your circadian rhythm gets thrown off and that, in turn, throws off your hormones with some negative health impacts. Health Effects   There are a number of negative health effects that have been linked to working under fluorescent lights that are theorized to be caused by this disturbance to our circadian rhythms and the accompanying body chemistry mechanisms. These negative health effects may include: MigrainesEye strainProblems sleeping, due to melatonin suppressionSymptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder or depressionEndocrine disruption and poor immune systemsFemale hormonal/menstrual cycle disruptionIncreases in breast cancer rates and tumor formationStress/Anxiety, due to cortisol suppressionSexual development/maturation disruptionObesityAgoraphobia (anxiety disorder) Flickering The other main cause of problems with fluorescent lights is that they flicker. Fluorescent light bulbs contain a gas that gets excited and glows when electricity is passed through this. The electricity is not constant. It is controlled by an electric ballast that pulses on and off really quickly. To most people, the flicker is so fast that it looks like the light is on constantly. However, some people can perceive the flicker even if they cant consciously see it. This may cause: MigrainesHeadachesEye strainStress/Anxiety Additionally, fluorescent bulbs, especially cheaper bulbs, may have a green cast to them, making all the colors in your environment more drab and sickly looking. There is some theory that this, at the least, affects mood. The Solutions If you are forced to work/live beneath fluorescent lights for extended periods of time each day there are a number of things you can do to combat the negative effects. The first is to get out in the sun more. Getting sun exposure, especially for stints in the morning, midday, and late afternoon, can help maintain your circadian rhythm. Putting in some windows, skylights, or solar tubes to bring sunlight into your interior environment can help as well. Short of bringing in sunlight itself, you can bring in a light source with a fuller spectrum. There are some full spectrum and daylight spectrum fluorescent lights on the market that have a better color temperature spread than regular fluorescent lights, so they do help, but they dont replace sunlight. Alternately you can put a full spectrum light filter over your fluorescent bulb or light fixture lens that alters the light coming out of the fluorescent bulb and gives it a fuller spectrum. These tend to give off more Ultraviolet (UV) rays that may cause skin problems, prematurely age materials like plastic or leather, and cause photos to fade. Incandescent lights do a decent job of providing a good spectrum of light that most people respond to well. Another benefit of incandescent lights is that they are a constant light source that doesnt flicker. If you perceive the fluorescent flicker, having a single incandescent light bulb on in the room can be enough to cover the flicker and keep it from affecting you. These bulbs can also balance out any green tint given off by the fluorescent bulb. In some cases, phototherapy, or light box therapy, can counteract lack of sunlight exposure. This is a common treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder and it uses an incredibly bright light for a limited amount of time to help keep your body chemistry regulated. Optometrists have long prescribed glasses with a very light rose-colored tint on them to counteract the effects of working under fluorescent lights, especially in women who are experiencing hormonal problems. Finally, flicker problems can be improved by using fluorescent light fixtures that use electronic ballasts as opposed to magnetic ones.

The Plains Zebra Essays - Zebras, Equus, Mammals Of Africa

The Plains Zebra Essays - Zebras, Equus, Mammals Of Africa The Plains Zebra The Plains Zebra Deep ebony, blinding cream, these are the colors of the zebra. The zebra is one unique animal. Zebras are one of the marvelous animals in Africa. About the size of a small horse, these amazing animals are about 50-53 inches in height. When a male zebra grows up, he can weigh up to 520 pounds! It's a good thing that the female zebra is friendly. It can weigh a whopping 510 pounds, almost as much as the male! Zebras usually do not attack unless threatened though, whew! The large animal, the zebra, mates all year round, but mostly during the early rainy season. Eighteen male zebras battle it out with the dominant male at that certain time to see who has the rights to mate with the number one female. In three years, female zebras are able to mate, and the is able when he is about five. Found mainly in the Southern Savanna, these hungry zebras can also be found in the arid plains of eastern Africa. They are also found in many national parks because hunters kill countless zebras for their picturesque fur, much as the elephant for its tusks. During the day, zebras are not as active as they are at night. The zebra easily adapts to just about anything Africa can throw at them, from poachers to food shortage. Therefore, one of the most successful herbivores in Africa. These friendly zebras main predator is the lion. When attacked by a lion, the zebra makes it difficult to eat just one zebra, so it is kind of all for one, and one for all! as the Three Musketeers would say. Also, poachers present another problem. People are trying to stop the hunting of endangered animals, but as long as people have the right to bear arms, we will keep running into this horrible problem. The poachers get a large sum of money for killing these poor, defenseless, endangered animals, and selling their fur on the black market. Zebras are Africa's most brilliant painted horses. They are truly astonishing animals. I think one should go see the zebras at the nearby Great Plains Zoo to get a real idea of what they look like. Thanks for reading my report on an extraordinary animal, The Plains Zebra. Bibliography (none)

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care Assignment

Facilitating Change in Health and Social Care - Assignment Example The researcher therefore focuses at the main factors that drive change in the health sector through cross-examining CQC’s report on Royal United Hospital Bath. Discussing a number of key factors driving change in the health as well as social services through examining strengths, weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats, therefore, remains essential. Strengths relate to organizational aspects that include resources, both physical and financial, expertise staff and other internal factors of an organization. Through identification of opportunities from the external environment that rhyme with the internal capabilities, organizations capitalize on the strengths. Weaknesses on the other hand amount to deficiencies arising from incompetent resources of an organization (Whitten, 2009, pg. 117). Poor services or bad reputation of an organization serves as the major weaknesses within an organization setup. Leaders and managers, therefore, need to work on correcting those weaknesses that reduce organizations effectiveness as well as damaging the organization. Opportunities arise from external environment changes. Changes in government policie s or technology fall under that category. Organizations take advantage of presented opportunities in order to grow current services. Threats, on the other hand, relate to external factors presenting risks to the organization. Change of government policies and technological changes forms the major risks that face existing organizations. Examining the weaknesses and threats posed by these factors will enhance responsible institutions to develop achievable strategies to cope with these challenges. The first factor relates to Legislation. Legislation relates to government programs that involve funding and the NHS as the major body entrusted with controlling the health and social services sector. Government control of the health sector remains an

Mrs Fields Cookies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Mrs Fields Cookies - Case Study Example It has thus created a wider database of new opportunities in the real world. It has also become a necessary business tool with its wide range of applications in the ever-expanding and competitive global environment, especially where acquisitions and mergers are concerned. When Fields’ acquired La Petite Boulangerie or LPB in 1987 from PepsiCo, the company saw the huge potential of successful diversification into new sit-in cafà © that would also serve to complement the delights of Fields’ cookies. LPB was a French bakery cum sandwich retail chain with 119 outlets. Within a month after the acquisition, Fields’ cut down LPB’s administrative staff to 3 from the strength of 53 employees as various administrative functions like accounts, human resource, finance, training, and development were brought within the wider scope of Fields’ in-house information system. It was a major tactical strategy that was used to promote centralized monitoring and uniformity in the work functioning across its various outlets. The prime importance of using technologies is not only improving the various processes within the system but also the overall performance. It also greatly facilitates the merger of diverse ideologies and processes for improved performance. In the case of LPB, it was an essential tool to promote better efficiency in the delivery of the common organizational goals and objectives. In a fiercely competitive business environment, the firm gains the position by leveraging its strengths by improving and improvising its business management and organizational goals. ‘A company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve. It must deliver greater value to customers or create comparable value at a lower cost, or do both’ (Porter, 1996). The technology-driven organization culture within the parent company needs to become the intrinsic part of all its subsidiaries and acquisitions.

Importance of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay Example for Free

Importance of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay The love a man has for his mother and the love he has for his girlfriend/fiance/wife are two different kinds of love that always seems to conflict one another. The mother and the female companion usually really like each other or they hate each other. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Gertrude and Ophelia has a steady relationship with each other. But Gertrude’s relationship Hamlet starts off as unhappy and ends with death. Throughout the play Hamlet is questioning Gertrude’s love for him and his father which cause their once steady relationship to shaken. For Ophelia and Hamlet, both were so in love, but later in the play shows Ophelia worrying about Hamlet and her love for him slowly diminishing. Gertrude and Ophelia have their own important role in the play with how they affect Hamlet’s decisions all through the play. Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, begins the play with Hamlet upset with her for marrying his uncle, Claudius. She does not see what is wrong with the marriage and tries to tell Hamlet to get over his father’s death. The Act I clearly show that Gertrude’s and Hamlet’s mother-son relationship will never as it once was. Gertrude still tries to help Hamlet throughout the play by trying to convince Claudius to leave Hamlet alone and that Hamlet feels guilt for what he has done. Hamlet hesitate killing Claudius because he is now Gertrude’s husband and Hamlet may unconsciously feel a connection with Claudius as his stand by father. If Gertrude never married Claudius, then Hamlet would probably have the confidence to kill Claudius when he found out that he was the one that killed his father. All through the play Gertrude protects Hamlet. She unknowingly adds fuel to the flame that is Hamlet’s detestation for the marriage. With Gertrude playing the â€Å"victim† in Claudius’, Hamlet has someone who will remain faithful to him. If Gertrude knew about the plan to kill Hamlet’s father, then Hamlet would never have stayed to revenge his father’s death because the Hamlet does not have enough courage to do so. Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius and her life seems to not be under her control. Her decisions are made by what Polonius or Hamlet tells her to do. Ophelia is sweet and innocent ompared to Gertrude’s incestuous act. Ophelia keeps Hamlet calm since she is the most stable person that he has in his life. But later Ophelia goes wild because Hamlet is also crazy. Most of the characters believe that Ophelia is acting this way because of the death of her father, Polonius, but in actuality it is because Hamlet turned on her. Ophelia’s innocence was taken by Hamlet and it caused her to not listen to the advice from her brother, Laertes. Ophelia received most of Hamlet’s anger that was meant to be directed towards his mother instead. She was there for Hamlet to relieve any built up tension he had. Ophelia denied that Hamlet did not lover her, but when she died Hamlet is seen at her funeral confessing his love for Ophelia to Laertes saying that he did not mean to cause Ophelia’s death. Both Gertrude and Ophelia were the safety nets for Hamlet in the play. Even though Hamlet felt as if he could trust know one the two women in the play were meant to keep Hamlet alive as long as possible. Between Claudius killing Hamlet’s father, and Gertrude and Ophelia not knowing this fact helped push Hamlet’s verdict on what he is going to do. Shakespeare put the Gertrude and Ophelia in the play to maintain the balance of good and evil, purity and sin.

Biology, The Five Major Compounds :: essays research papers

Compounds That Compose the Human Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are five major groups of compounds that compose the human body. They are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, and water. These are all very important to humans and without them we would not be able to survive. They have many functions that encourage a human cell and a human body to function.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which appears in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are classified according to size as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The primary function of carbohydrates is to serve as sources of energy. Carbohydrates are some of the most numerous molecules in living organisms. They play a major role as food molecules in the cell, being broken down to produce energy. Polysaccharides play an important role serving as energy reserves also. It provides a quick-release energy source that keeps us going between meals. Small amounts of carbohydrates are also used for structural purposes and others are attached to outer surfaces of cell membranes to guide cellular interactions. For many cells, sugars are the most important source of energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lipids are important because they function as structural components of cell membranes, sources of insulation, and a mean of energy storage. The lipid molecules are most well known as forming basic structures of cell membranes and as energy storage molecules as well. In this group of lipids, there are about three main types: true fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids. True fats represent the body’s most abundant and concentrated source of usable energy. When they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy. They are stored chiefly in fat deposits beneath the skin and around body organs, where they help insulate the body and protect deeper body tissues from heat loss and bumps. True fats are a storage form for excess food, they are stored energy. Any type of food consumed in excess need to be converted to fat and stored. Phospholipids although similar in structure to the true fats, are not stored energy but rather structural components of cel ls. Lecithin is a phospholipid that is part of our cell membranes and myelin provides electrical insulation for nerve impulse transmission. The third group is steroids and cholesterol is an important steroid. Cholesterol is another component of cell membranes and a form of cholesterol in the skin is changed to vitamin D on exposure to sunlight. All of the sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone are also steroids.

Impact of Advertising on Customer Loyality

*BEST PRACTICE: Customer *loyalty _The limited number of business contacts, the difficulty of recruiting new business customers and the cost of some business products or services all mean that maintaining customer loyalty is key to B2B marketing success. Sara Goodwins looks at some popular approaches to this problem_ Is it easier and less expensive to sell to existing customers than to find new ones? Of course it is. In the B2B arena, however, sales cycles are longer. If customers are not to be tempted away by competitors, marketing needs to encourage them to develop a relationship with the brand. Anthony Green, sales & marketing director of Concep, comments: â€Å"If businesses keep in touch, customers become familiar with products and services on offer and the company will be taken into consideration when a purchase is made. † When keeping in touch with customers, communication should achieve a number of objectives. Firstly, it should reassure the customer that they made a good choice of partner/supplier. It should also add value to the relationship, above what has been contracted, seek additional opportunities for further business, and inform business and client about new developments. Existing customers, lapsed customers and prospects should be approached differently. Marketers can assume that customers are familiar with the business and currently prefer your products/services or have done so in the recent past. Ideally no customer should ever go elsewhere, but there will be events such as changes in personnel, expiry of contracts, upheavals in the market, that change the relationship. Julie Cooper, co-director of events management company Fab, points out, â€Å"If a key contact within the client company is replaced, you have to establish confidence and trust with a new person – and the new contact may well bring with them pre-existing relationships with competing suppliers. † Keep in touch Lapsed customers, because of the past business relationship, should not be contacted in the same way as prospects. Alan Curnow, communications manager of Grass Roots, explains: â€Å"The distinction between clients and prospects is (more one of) tone than substance; we may need to refresh prospects' memories of who we are, whereas clients – even if they haven't bought from us for some time – know us. † Jan-Pieter Lips, head of business-to-business at Loyalty Management UK, which operates Nectar for Business, adds: â€Å"Experience shows that there is a direct correlation between winning back a lapsed customer and the time that has passed since the last transaction. Simon Ward, director of rewards scheme Seed, considers that the frequency of customer orders is like a pulse. â€Å"Businesses should monitor customertransactions and identify when they change. They can then contact thecustomer and find out why. † David Lebond, executive director of P&MM, agrees: â€Å"Doing something wrong is the best opportunity for getting a customer for life; if you handle a complaint well, put things right and demonstrate that you have the customers' interests at heart then not only will customers be retained, they'll also talk about you in glowing terms. Newsletters Newsletters and customers magazines are one of the most obvious communications methods, which can be used to maintain customerrelationships and loyalty. Richard Bush, managing director of Base One, says, â€Å"The trend for customermagazines – which we saw in the mid 90s – has diminished as many businesses found they were expensive and their success difficult to measure, although the need for what they provided still remains. † Electronic newsletters have taken over as less expensive, more measurable and interactive replacements. To include relevant material, you need to consider things like: life cycle of products/services and how they relate to customers and information held about customers which helps target mailings. Allow readers to choose – for example: offer the flexibility to pick areas of interest, frequency of mailing, etc. but make sure that they can change their selections with each mailing. Denise Cox, newsletter specialist at Newsweaver, says, â€Å"Stay away from complicated password-protected access to subscription profiles; this is a real turn-off and readers may just start deleting your emails instead of trying to change their preferences. Newsletters need a simple lay-out, clear navigation and no fancy graphics such as Flash that could cause them to be filtered. They require a table of contents on each page to provide clear choice and encourage further reading; around five main articles per newsletter of 300-700 words and a 100-word synopsis of each article on the front page with a link. â€Å"It is also extremely important that you have a strong call-to-action in your articles,† says Cox of Newsweaver. â€Å"It's astonishing how many companies don't. Yet it's your key opportunity to incite sales, feedback and make requests for more information. Readers typically decide within eight seconds whether to read on, set the information aside – which probably means they'll never read it – or delete it. The ‘from' and ‘subject' of the email need to tempt recipients to open it. ‘From' should be your brand, helping to build recognition; ‘subject' should be interesting and relevant. Content could include: articles stimulating thought and discussion, pertinent information relating to technological innovations, legislation affecting the industry, links to relevant news, client wins and case studies, industry reports and website links. Email newsletters are extremely cost-effective, popular, and immediate, and offer measurable conversion rates. Their main disadvantage is one of commitment. Companies must be prepared to publish a regular, well thought-out newsletter for it to be of marketing use and to respond to the interest it arouses. Reward/loyalty programmes â€Å"Reward programmes and loyalty programmes are not the same. The former is tactical, the latter strategic,† says Lebond of P&MM, he adds, â€Å"Reward programmes are a form of payment for repeat business; loyalty programmes represent a state of mind created in the customer. Reward programmes are most effective when there is rivalry in a sector (the programme then makes the point of difference); or there are frequent purchases to lock collectors into the scheme; or it's easy to change suppliers so customers need to be induced to stay. Reward programmes are effective anywhere where customer retention is key. Geraldine Tosh, managing director of IP oints, says, â€Å"A client running a website which relies heavily on advertisers, for example, can tempt people to the site using a reward programme. Extra points could be offered to clients making it their homepage for example, or using it frequently, etc. Branded reward programmes are often more cost-effective and less labour-intensive as well as enabling value to accumulate quickly. The main disadvantage is that companies usually have to commit for a period of time. Steve Cooper, marketing manager at Argos Business Solutions says, â€Å"In some cases a tailored scheme is more appropriate for a company where aligning with a different brand may conflict with or dilute the impact of their own brand and communications. † White label reward programmes aim to build value into a company's brand and offer companies more control of how uch value they're giving away. Tosh of IPoints says, â€Å"Reward catalogues can be tailored to include a business's own product or service at a reduced price. Companies could even tailor the earning and redemption around their customers' business needs. † Customers who know that your company is helping to build their business have a powerful incentive to buy from you. Rewards are short-term encouragements; loyalty is long-term commitment. As Lebond of P says, â€Å"If you get the right people with the constant attitude of ‘how can I make my customers even happier' then you don't need a reward programme. Corporate hospitality Customer events are undervalued largely because the value of them is difficult to assess. Face-to-face communications and shared experiences are very personal and the positive associations remain for a long time. Sarah Webster, director of communications at Eventia, explains, â€Å"Corporate hospitality enables suppliers to deepen their relationship with clients and to understand the motivations and constraints that influence buying decisions. † Corporate hospitality also adds value, as Rob Allen, chief executive at TRO, explains. Take the example of an accountancy firm which organises a breakfast briefing for its clients on the morning following the budget. By explaining the full implications of the Chancellor's new financial provisions, the firm is enabling its client companies to make significant savings or profits. The client relationship is enhanced. † Bush of Base One has no doubt, â€Å"Thirty minutes in a room with your top 10 customers is worth thousands of DM pieces. † Dedicated client website Webpages are particularly powerful marketing tools when used in conjunction with other marketing communication. Businesses can track the customer's journey through the site. Marketers can then use the information to tailor communications which recognise each client's interests. The main problem with websites is that the information they contain needs to be frequently refreshed to ensure that customers revisit. Many of the suggestions for newsletters apply equally to websites. Anthony Green, sales & marketing director of Concep, comments: â€Å"Additional information tied into a newsletter article can be put on the webpage. Those who click on the webpage have decided consciously that they want to access further information. Companies can then analyse the click-throughs and understand the specific areas of interest on both a macro and per-recipient level. † Tosh of IPoints is succinct, â€Å"Use microsites and reward schemes to collect information and then use the information in communications. † Communication is the key Relevant, valuable and timely communications are seminal to maintainingcustomer loyalty. Lebond of P says, â€Å"Every piece of communication could potentially be the lowest common denominator in a business's contact with its clients, so each one must be as good as possible. More business is lost by poor communications then by anything else. † Newsletters draw customers to websites where their interests can be analysed and responded to, reward programmes encourage frequent transactions, and hospitality enables personal contact. Curnow of Grass Roots explains, â€Å"Loyalty is not so much a pattern of behaviour as a state-of-mind. The single most conclusive evidence of loyalty is advocacy, not usage. The acid test is not how much the customer spends but how hard it would be to prise him away. And of course you cannot put a value on that

An Inconvient Truth

Teachers PreparatoryTichina Class 10R2/19/13 Inconvenient Truth is a descriptive title because it explains the inconvenience towards our global warming problem; and puts the truth towards our planets slow destruction. What makes this a good title is because the truth that Al Gore explains to the viewers is current. He explains the relationship between all the weather changes and global warming and how it is affecting the natural world environment. The inconvenience part explains how discomforted it is towards our planet, people and nature.To explain the basics of global warming I can start off with saying that global warming is mainly caused due to the greenhouse gas pollution. Out in space the sun sends heat waves towards earth which makes earth livable. So when the sun rays are sent down some are supposed to be sent back to the sun creating a mini cycle. But outside of the earth there is an atmosphere of greenhouse gases surrounding the earth. Now that there are more factories more greenhouse gases are being sent up to the atmosphere making the layer of gas thicker.That is causing the sun rays to be trapped in the earth making the temperature rise. What makes the truth of our global warming problem inconvenient is that temperature rises are affecting the animals. In Al Gore’s movie he explains to you that cold environment like glaciers; North Pole, South Pole and Artic are melting slowly. Polar bears and other cold environment species are losing their homes. In his movie he shows you how some glaciers from 1990 till now are fully melted and turning to land or how they are slowly becoming heated.In my case everyone should know that it’s bad and it will only become worse. Another way is how the water temperature is starting to rise. If any hurricanes or water storms were to be created; it would be double the effect because as also stated in Al Gore’s video whenever you have a high water temperature it will increase the wind velocity in any storm making it bigger in size. With that said we can move on to diseases that are another way the truth of global warming is inconvenient.Diseases are a strong life taker and have a long history behind it. The way global warming comes in is that we had some strange heat waves that occurred and caused illness towards people. In 2012 we broke the record for the hottest heat wave. It affected many people through sickness and other different ways. In a previous article I read in class they said that in 2003 a deadly heat wave swept across Europe killing an estimated amount of 35,00 people. Heat waves like that could amp up heat-related illness.In conclusion, as you can see Inconvenient Truth is a descriptive title because it explains the inconvenience towards our global warming problem; and puts the truth towards our planets slow destruction. Global Warming is a serious incident and should be taken care of early before it amplifies in the future. With that said I hope I gave you a desc riptive, explained response of how Inconvenient Truth is a good title. What global warming is and how the truth of global warming is inconvenient.

Shamanism in Human Consciousness Essay

Shamanism in Human Consciousness Essay Shamanism in Japanese Culture Essay Example Shamanism in Japanese Culture Essay Example After analyzing several sources, the definition of shamanism, which is most often found in scientific literature and reference books, can be comprehended. Shamanism is one of the earliest forms of religion based on the belief in the existence of spirits that inhabit the surrounding world. This transcendental practice involves a special intermediary – the shaman, who was elected by the spirits. Thus, he is able to establish connection between these spirits and people through immersion in a trance. However, there is still no uniformity in the definition of shamanism. Moreover, the age of shamanism also remains ambiguous since it varies from the Paleolithic Era to the Middle Ages. Until now there are discussions about the location of shamanism: some believe that it is practiced only in Siberia, Central Asia, and Northern Europe; others argue that it is spread almost over the whole world, particularly Asia, North and South America, Africa, and the Caucasus. In Europe, the first in formation about shamans appeared in the notes of travelers, diplomats, and researchers in the XVII century. During the XVIII-XIX centuries, the number of researches and literature about them was constantly growing. In the XX century, interest in shamanism did not disappear, but intensified. This paper will define the terms of the basic concepts that constitute the essence of a complex multifaceted phenomenon of shamanism. Furthermore, it will reveal its reflection in the ancient traditions of healing, rituals, trance, unusual states of consciousness, as well as its integration in modern Japan. Etymology of the Term The term â€Å"shamanism† is widespread in many languages. According to one of the versions, the word â€Å"shaman† is derived from the Sanskrit  «Ã…›ramaá ¹â€¡a ». It means a wandering hermit or ascetic spiritual seeker, which primarily embodies traditions of ancient India. Along with Buddhism, the term has spread across Asia and penetrated Russian and Western languages. According to the other version, the word â€Å"shamanism† has a primordial Tungus-Manchurian origin. Every nation has its own names for shamans, which can vary even in one nation depending on the functions and categories of shaman. However, a man was called shaman in any society if he was a mediator chosen by spirits and had the ability to see the other reality and travel in it. Time of Occurrence of Shamanism The occurrence of shamanism cannot be determined accurately. The time of occurrence of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam is determined fairly accurately because those religions are connected with the dates of life of their original founders and preachers. Shamanism does not have such a starting point. Perhaps, it arose many times in each part of the world at different times and in various ways. Currently, there is evidence that peoples who lived in Western Europe, particularly in France, knew shamanism. In France, a cave of Three Brothers (Trois Frà ¨res) was discovered. On its walls, there are several images from the Upper Paleolithic period. Among others, there is the earliest known image of a shaman, which depicts a figure of a dancing man with an animal skin draped over his shoulders, deer antlers on his head, and a horses tail. Similar images are often found in Asia and Africa. Who Becomes a Shaman The term professional shaman can be found in modern scientific literature. This suggests that a shaman is a profession. Those who believe in shamanism argue that its practitioner inherits a special gift from his ancestors, more often on the maternal than on the paternal side. Moreover, the shaman must be chosen by the spirits. The spirits of ancestors or spirits that inhabit the surrounding mountains, passes, forests, lakes, and rivers choose a particular person to be an intermediary between them and people. In cases when people have some difficulties or troubles (these can be illnesses, loss of property, death of a loved one, or any strange phenomena) or, on the contrary, when the spirits blame people (for example, for intrusion into the habitats of the spirits, or misperformance of sacrifice), the shaman acts as an intermediary, making people and imploring the spirits to do what is necessary. However, an individual must pass an initiation ritual and undergo testing before he acquir es the shamanic power that can make people and spirits obey him. The ritual can last from several months to several years. Outwardly, it is manifested in the form of acts that are incomprehensible for other people. A young shaman can be often considered a mentally ill person. The Concept of Trance or Ecstasy The shaman communicates with the spirits in a trance state. The French term â€Å"trance† is interpreted as stupefaction, detachment, and self-hypnosis. Another term â€Å"ecstasy† can be used to describe the condition in which the shaman acts. This Greek word means frenzy and enthusiasm, a special state that is inherent in poets and seers. Those who observe the behavior of the shaman during the ritual notice such things as convulsions, bulging eyes, froth at the mouth, fainting, and seizures. However, as a rule, during the trance the shaman does not lose connection with people who are present at the session. He often explains where he is currently located, and what he sees. The shaman uses self-hypnosis, concentrates his will, and mobilizes his mental and physical powers in order to achieve the state of trance. There is no doubt that a tambourine, from which the shaman extracts different sounds, plays an important role in the shamanic ritual. The shaman often sings to the beat. Some shamans take hallucinogens, substances that can cause hallucinations and contribute to offensive of trance. Shaman’s Doubles The shaman has so-called compulsory items, which accompany his actions. They are tambourine, costume, and shamanic tree. Each item has its purpose and function. Shaman’s tambourine is not just a musical instrument. In shamanic practice, it is considered a rideable animal, a deer or a horse, which carries the shaman to the world of the spirits. According to other traditions, a tambourine was conceptualized as a boat on which the shaman sails the mythical river of time. After shaman’s death, his tambourine is not hereditary. It is believed that the power of the owner does not die with him but continues to live, being enclosed in his tambourine. The second shaman’s double is his power suit. The full shamanic costume includes a coat, pants, boots, gloves, a hat, as well as a bandage with slits for eyes, which resembles a soft mask over the face. The shaman cannot obtain an entire suit immediately. He receives each part gradually as soon as he proves his proficiency in communicating with spirits. Spirits give their permission for the shaman to gain another item of the costume. It is believed that the shamans outfit, similar to his tambourine, is related to his soul and life. Finally, the third shaman’s double is a shamanic tree. The practitioner chose it himself. According to shamanistic mythology, the spirits of birds sit on the shamanic tree. At the request of the shaman, they can fly into the afterworld and learn everything that interests him. Everything is interconnected and spiritualized in the shamans world. He is a living person, and his tambourine, suit, and tree are also living creatures. The shaman addr esses to the spirit world with their help, and the spirits move into his body through their intermediation. The Shamanistic Practice and Theory The shaman performs complex rituals in order to heal sick people, introduce the child’s soul into the barren woman, change the weather, and a plenty of other actions. The religious scholars name these actions a shamanic practice. Furthermore, there is a special shamanic theory. Many scientists affirm the existence of an exceptional shamanic worldview. The most important components of it are the following: The whole world is spiritualized. Everything that surrounds us, the forests, fields, mountains, rivers, lakes, trees and even stones, is inhabited by spirits who can help a person if he or she performs a special ritual. However, they can also do much harm if they are forgotten and accidentally or intentionally insulted. A man is not a wreath of creation, but only a part of this world. The appearance of a man is just a shell that can be changed. The stories of people turning into a bear, fish, deer, birds, marine animals have their origins in this belief. The insuperable boundary between the world of the living and the dead does not exist. The shaman’s ability to pass through this line in any direction is considered unconditional. Moreover, it is believed that the shaman can restore the soul of the deceased person and regain his life. These features can be considered as the basis for a general shamanic worldview. Shamanism in Modern Japan Japanese shamanism, as we know it today, is different from shamanism in the strict sense. Primarily, it is a technique of spirit possession of the dead, which is practiced by women. Many Japanese shamans are blind from birth. However, they have a wide range of functions and abilities. According Eliade, Trask, and Doniger, the main actions of shamans are the following: â€Å"they can heal illness, interpret dreams, predict the future, and compatibility with husband or wife. Shamans are also able to communicate with the souls of the dead and send them messages from living relatives. They can inform the inquirer about the future happiness and unhappiness or find missing things.† (p. 234) The Role of Shamanism in the Traditions of Healing Shamans play an important role in the healing traditions. Their main function is magical healing. However, in modern society, shamans-healers do not try to take the place of qualified doctors. Their approach to any problem is concentrated on integrity and harmony of a personality. They banish diseases and provide religious cleansing. The methods modern Japanese shamans use are very complex and diverse. However, all these various rituals and beliefs are based on the same idea of injury. It promotes a belief that a persons soul can be separated from his body if he is dazed and shocked by something. According to Eliade, Trask, and Doniger, many shamans state that stealing of the soul is the most common and devastating reason for the huge number of diseases (p. 256). From the shamans perspective, the disease is a consequence of the man’s spiritual captivity. If in shamanic medicine the illness is attributed to the lost or stolen soul from the body, the process of its treatment is aimed at searching for the soul in order to make it return to its place in the body of the patient. The shaman healers catalyze powerful healing powers given to them by nature in their patients with the help of the bright and impressive rituals. The atmosphere of understanding and support, reinforced by drumming, dancing and chanting, as well as state of ecstasy, creates the environment in which the phenomenon of healing occurs. Besides, shamans can ask their god to name a drug that should be used against a specific disease. Shamanistic Rituals and Trance in Modern Japan Nowadays, shamanism almost lost its position, becoming a decorative element of modern Japanese life. Funeral rites of shamanism in Japan can be seen during the folk festivals or national holidays. However, in order to solve complex problems or difficult situations, the Japanese turn to shamans for their help even in contemporary times. During the ritual, shaman communicates with spirits, singing, dancing, and immersing into a trance. The ecstatic state of shaman generated the word ute. According to the American researcher George J. Tanabe, this term is derived from the verb yuyung, which means shake or tremble. The shaman, who does not tremble and shake during the performance of the ritual is considered to be weak, showing no control of his spiritual power(p. 123). Shamanistic ritual contains three main elements. They are the spirit that personifies an object of worship, the person who invokes the spirit and the shaman as a link between them. There are several main rituals, which are performed in modern Japan. They can be aimed at the prosperity and development of a separate village or township, as well as expulsion of evil spirits. As it was mentioned above, the ritual can be also used to cleanse the soul of the sick person. The Role of Shamanism in Human Consciousness and Maintenance of Physical and Mental Health in Modern Japan Despite the seeming primitiveness of the shamanic culture, its consecrate practitioners perfectly understand human psychology and skillfully use the secrets of traditional medicine. They are the guardians of religious and philosophical worldviews of different nations. The shamanic culture is characterized by simultaneous existence of the reality of the primitive life with a number of troubles and worries and the world of spirits, visions, and ecstatic emotional states. Japanese shamans have strongly contributed to the culture and mental strength of the nation. Moreover, some unusual states of mind, inspired by shaman’s activities through the immersion in trance, helped the people to adapt to conditions of hardship, hunger, wars, epidemics, and disasters. Thus, shamans can be considered the psychotherapists who conduct social work, assisting their compatriots in crisis. They are the intermediaries between the internal life of people and their external occupations. Blacker argue s that, modern shamans can handle all the rites of passage: birth, initiation when reaching puberty, marriage and death, as well as rituals of power, which , in fact, are the attempts to increase the capacity of the nation with the help of the powerful forces of nature during hardship, calamities and psychological crisis (p. 231). In everyday life, shamans maintain impact on the psyche of the people within a particular culture, using special tools and procedures during the ritual. This ensures mental stability of people in terms of normal functioning of their consciousness. Over time, in the framework of modernization and technological progress of society, the traditions of shamanism have changed. However, nowadays, people of different professions, education, and social status still seek help from shamans. They obtain relief, advice, and support. Perhaps, this is a simple answer to the question why the tradition of shamanism is still alive.

I was taught to see racism only in individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring dominance on my group Essay Essay Example

I was taught to see racism only in individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring dominance on my group Essay Essay Example I was taught to see racism only in individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring dominance on my group Essay Essay I was taught to see racism only in individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring dominance on my group Essay Essay Essay Topic: Invisible Man Through work to convey stuffs from women’s surveies into the remainder of the course of study. I have frequently noticed men’s involuntariness to allow that they are overprivileged. even though they may allow that adult females are disadvantaged. They may state they will work to women’s statues. in the society. the university. or the course of study. but they can’t or won’t back up the thought of decreasing men’s. Denials that amount to taboos surround the topic of advantages that work forces gain from women’s disadvantages. These denials protect male privilege from being to the full acknowledged. lessened. or ended. Thinking through unacknowledged male privilege as a phenomenon. I realized that. since hierarchies in our society are meshing. there was most likely a phenomenon of while privilege that was likewise denied and protected. As a white individual. I realized I had been taught approximately racism as something that puts others at a disadvantage. but had been taught non to see one of its corollary facets. white privilege. which puts me at an advantage. I think Whites are carefully taught non to acknowledge white privilege. as males are taught non to acknowledge male privilege. So I have begun in an unschooled manner to inquire what it is like to hold white privilege. I have come to see white privilege as an unseeable bundle of unearned assets that I can number on cashing in each twenty-four hours. but about which I was â€Å"meant† to stay unmindful. White privilege is like an unseeable weightless backpack of particular commissariats. maps. passports. codebooks. visas. apparels. tools. and clean cheques. Describing white privilege makes one freshly accountable. As we in women’s surveies work to uncover male privilege and inquire work forces to give up some of their power. so one who writes about holding white privilege must inquire. â€Å"having described it. what will I make to decrease or stop it? † After I realized the extent to which work forces work from a base of unacknowledged privilege. I understood that much of their oppression was unconscious. Then I remembered the frequent charges from adult females of colour that white adult females whom they encounter are oppressive. I began to understand why we are merely seen as oppressive. even when we don’t see ourselves that manner. I began to number the ways in which I enjoy unearned tegument privilege and have been conditioned into limbo about its being. My schooling gave me no preparation in seeing myself as an oppressor. as an below the belt advantaged individual. or as a participant in a damaged civilization. I was taught to see myself as an person whose moral province depended on her single moral will. My schooling followed the form my co-worker Elizabeth Minnich has pointed out: Whites are taught to believe of their lives as morally impersonal. normative. and mean. and besides ideal. so that when we work to profit others. this is seen as work that will let â€Å"them† to be more like â€Å"us. †

Islamic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Islamic - Assignment Example Muslims and non-Muslims have some similarities and differences inherent in their faith. To begin with, both are sensitive to political and other issues affecting people in the society. However, Muslims tend to be more religious than non-Muslims. Muslims rate the importance of God in their undertakings higher than non-Muslims; most Muslims do not accept abortion, divorce and have a particular opposition towards homosexuality. However, some Christians have a soft stand on some of these issues. Muslims do not allow intermarriage with non-Muslims, unlike Christians, and if they do, the spouse from non-Muslim faith must change their religion. Further, female Muslims do not shake hands with non-Muslims, but other religions do. These differences, which prevail between Muslim and non-Muslim individuals, have a negative effect in the social interaction of these two groups in the entire world. Most non-Muslims view Muslims as a segregated religion whose followers give priority to people who share the same faith. In addition, since terrorists are considered to be Muslims, non-Muslims are always conscious in dealing and interacting with Muslims (Mussarat 11). Therefore, good strategies should be put in place in order to establish tolerance, justice and compassion in the relationship between Muslims and non

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM Dissertation

Pairs Trading And Strategies And The CAPM - Dissertation Example Besides testing a model, this study will also be testing market efficiency and using use Cointegration as a decision rule for pair selection, try to ascertain whether different and more efficient rules may be implemented. In order to calculate asset returns we need the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) which gives predictions on how to measure risk and the relationship between risk and return. The relationship of expected return is linear and is necessary to explain differences in returns among securities. Introduction Pairs trading include tested methods used to identify and invest in pairs. This was developed by Morgan Stanley in the 1980’s and is today one of the most commonly used strategies in the finance and trading industry. Using this strategy, an investor looks at two assets, whose prices have moved together in the past. As the price spread widens, the investor takes a short position in the outperforming asset and a long position in the underperforming asset hoping t hat the spread will move back again, thereby generating profits. If history then repeats itself, prices will congregate and the arbitrageur will earn revenue. For example, if the U.S. equity markets were efficient at all times, risk-adjusted returns from pairs trading would never be positive. The Morgan Stanley group disbanded in 1989 after a couple of bad years of performance, pairs trading has since then become an progressively more well known market-neutral investment strategy used by investors as well as hedge funds. The increased popularity of quantitative based statistical arbitrage strategies has also been affecting the profits. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a vital area of financial management that has contributed to finance becoming a scientific and fully fledged discipline of study. There abounds criticism that the Capital Asset Pricing Model is somewhat unrealistic due to the assumptions that it is based upon. This includes the assumption that investors would only require returns on the systematic risking of their portfolios, due to the removal of the unsystematic risk which can hence be ignored. The market neutral portfolios are constructed using just two securities, consisting of a long position in one and a short position in the other, in a predetermined ratio. The two versions of pairs trading in the equity markets are statistical arbitrage pairs and risk arbitrage pairs. A Statistical arbitrage pair trading is based on the idea of relative pricing. The underlying premise in relative pricing is that stocks with similar characteristics must be priced more or less the same. The spread in the case may be thought of as a degree of mutual mispricing, so the greater the spread, the higher the magnitude of mispricing and hence a greater scope of profit. The strategy involves assuming a long-short position when the spread is substantially away from the mean. It is expected that the mispricing will be correct. The position is then reversed an d profits are made when the spread reverts. The pairs trading strategy might be justified within an equilibrium asset-pricing framework with non-stationary common factors as noted in Fund & Hsieh (1999). Asset returns can be computed by Capital Asset Pri

Fashion at the Royal Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion at the Royal Wedding - Essay Example This essay follows the magnificent events of the Royal Wedding day, that occured in London, United Kingdom on 29th of April, 2011. As the world watched the most awaited day of 2011, the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton filled the screens not only of television sets around the world but of computers as well. This essay suggests that the romance that filled the air could be the top reason for billions of people to have taken a break, to witness and share the joy of witnessing a modern fairytale come alive. But it is also undeniable that among the top reasons of watching the wedding was to have a look at the unveiling of the wedding gown and dress of the bride. Interestingly, it was not only the bride’s ensemble that proved to have been anticipated during the day but reviews of the affair show that the royal fashion has been expected to be a sight awaited not only by fashion designers and experts but by the general public as well. Talk about the brideâ€⠄¢s gown was all over social networking sites like ‘facebook’ and ‘twitter’ as well as news reports around the world through air and paper. This essay also focuses on description and analysis of the dresses of Queen Elizabeth, Prince William, bride's maids and other honourable guests fashion appereances, such as Queen Sofia of Spain and princess Letizia. In conclusion of the essay, the researcher describes his opinion that as for the men on the ceremony, not much fuss the mass-media gave to their garbs as compared to those of the women’s.... s’ dress were similarly designed to that of the bride’s in accordance to tradition, made from the same fabric but sewn by another designer, Nicki Macfarlane (omg.yahoo). Both dresses worn by the sisters was the handy works of Sarah Burton, a 36 year old fashion designer from Manchester who worked alongside the famous fashion designer and owner of the company named after him, Alexander McQueen. She has proven to have the potentials of a creative modern fashion designer first by being appointed the head of women’s wear of McQueen, a pretty flattering position for a person who worked for a world renowned fashion designer for only four years. After the legend’s death in February of last year, Burton succeeded her patron as the creative director of McQueen (White). Creating the wedding gown of the newest member of the royal family, Burton now faces a greater responsibility and challenge as the most famous fashion designer of this age. The royal fashion is not g oing to be complete without looking at the queen whose fashion designer is a close confidant, Angela Kelly who made a bright yellow outfit for Queen Elizabeth. Her dress was simple, matched with a yellow hat and accessorized with the Queen Mary’s lover’s knot brooch. Speaking of hats, the guests displayed a variety of them so that the hats made quite a buzz. Probably the most disdained headdress was that worn by princess Beatrice who looked like she had an octopus on her head. It was a Philip Treacy hat, the same designer of her sister’s hat as well as that of Victoria Beckham’s and the Duchess of Cornwall, Camilla’s without the outrageous reactions. Princess Eugenie received an identically negative comment about her attire which was not impressive at all with her blue seemingly disheveled dress and

Global Stratification Essay Example for Free

Global Stratification Essay Please choose one example of a third world country that was colonized (like Jamaica) and apply one of the theories learned in this week (i. e. world system theory, neo-colonialism, culture of poverty, etc. ) to analyze its economic conditions. Answers: North Korea is the only country of socialistic type which didn’t take any steps to change its regime in favor of democratic or market economy during the second part of the 20th century. The country exists for more than half a century but the last 10 years it exists in the conditions of economic crisis because of economic isolation. North Korea is characterized by extremely low GDP less than 1000 dollars per capita. Therefore, the country is one of the Third World nations. The main reason North Korea is a Third World nation is that it is one of the fewer countries which still practice communism in the globe. North Korea rejects capitalism and is closed from the rest of the world. People are suffering, despite the fact that North Korea is considered the forth group of nation in the World System Theory. When Communism was proved to be inefficient, the economy of North Korea collapsed. Moreover, North Korea keeps isolating itself from globalization of capitalism; its economic situation will less likely to improve. Apart from the natural drawbacks of the communism, Culture of Poverty also plays its role in the worsening situation of North Korea. As far as people in North Korea are so poor that they didn’t even have enough food to consume, they would not take any risks to take any steps to improve their lives. Also, the consequences of violating the governmental could be fatal. Thus North Korea perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next generation. Meanwhile despite the hunger and natural disasters the Korean system hasn’t â€Å"exploded† yet.

Mitzi Myers Criticism of Wollstonecrafts Maria Essay -- Literary Cri

Mitzi Myers' Criticism of Wollstonecraft's Maria In her article about Mary Wollstonecraft Mitzi Myers examines Maria in contrast to her other works, especially Mary and Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in an effort to better understand the author and her purpose in writing. She refers to arguments posed by several critics in order to build her conclusions. She also seeks the insights provided by William Godwin's notes about Wollstonecraft. Myers calls her an "individualist and innovator in her fiction and aesthetic theory as well as in her polemical tracts," and admits that "Wollstonecraft confronts, though she does not solve, the problem of integrating a rational feminist program with one woman's subjective feminine vision (107). Mitzi Myers acknowledges that it was William Godwin's respect for Mary Wollstonecraft's work and his belief that her work of fiction might " 'have given a new impulse to the manners of a world' had the sketch equaled the conception" (107). Myers believes that Wollstonecraft kept her pledge to "finish the continuation [of The Rights of Women as] promised in the Advertisement" (107). Taken from Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft: ed. W. Clark Durant ( l 927), p.111, Myers cites "William's account of Wollstonecraft's protracted labors (more than twelve months for Maria versus six weeks for the Rights of Woman) . . ." Godwin relates, " . . . When she had finished what she intended for the first part [of Maria], she felt herself more urgently stimulated to revise and improve . . . than to proceed" (107). Just as "anti-Jacobin critics promptly attacked the novel as an apologia for a philosopher's wanton conduct" (l07), Myers feels that many modern biographers treat her attempt at a novel similarly, a... ...oes seem a fair assumption based on what seem to be her goals. Suggesting that we are left with a "mingling despair and hope, Wollstonecraft's hints for the ending comprise an oddly apposite do-it-yourself kit for the reader" (113). Myers seems to be suggesting that the story is stronger without an ending; from Wollstonecraft's vantage, allowing the reader the option of completing the story, provides her the advantage of making her statement while avoiding public criticism regarding the lesson, or even failure of achieving the optimum conclusion. For the modern reader, the unfinished story provides a glimpse of the society which produced Wollstonecraft and her 'feminist' ideas, but it also makes for interesting writing assignments and/or discussions. Works Cited Myers, Mitzi. "Unfinished Business: Wollstonecraft's Maria." The Wordsworth Circle 11 (1980) 107-14.

A research paper on River Tamirabarani

Introduction: The Tamirabarani River originates from the famous Agasthiyarkoodam Peak in Western Ghats,Ambasumadram Taluk.It flows through Tirunelveli and Tuticorin .Etymology: The Thamirabarani contains traces of copper, hence its name (Thamiram means copper in Tamil). The copper content gives it a distinct reddish shade.The river has also been historically known as Porunai.Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as Tamiram (copper) and Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin as the bed of the river is of red soil; when the water flows on the red soil it gives a copper-like appearance.Historical Reference: The Ancient Greeks of the time of Ptolemy refer to the river as Solen. Spelt differently as Tampraparani, Tamraparni, Tamiravaruni, etc., the river is mentioned as the Porunai nathi in Tamil poetic literature. It gets recognition and is referred to as the renowned one in Sanskrit literature references to which are as old as that of the Puranas and Epics.Almost all the villages and towns along the course of this river are historical settlements.One well known example is Aadhichanallur which is a preserved  site of the State Archaeology Department from where pre-historic artifacts are excavated.The Tamirabarani river is referred to in anicient Sangam and Tamil texts. In Mahabharatha (3:88) the river is mentioned as â€Å"Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the desire of obtaining salvation†Geographical Notes: The Tamiraparani originates from the peak of the Periya Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The great river like the Cauvery, but unlike most of the other Indian rivers, is fed by both the monsoons – the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail.Prior to the bifurcation of the Tirunelveli district, the Tamiraparani was the only major river in Ta milnadu which had its source and end in the same district. After bifurcation, the river traverses the two districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin before joining the Gulf of Mannar of the Bay of Bengal at Punnaikayal in Tiruchendur taluk of Thoothukkudi district.The river is 130 kilometers in length and the Thamirabarani basin is situated between latitudes 8.21` N and 9.13` N and between 77.10` E longitudes. The forty metres deep Vanatheertham waterfalls are located near the origin of the Thamirabarani River. The river is feed by its tributaries as well as by monsoons. The river is joined by its headwater tributaries Peyar, Ullar, Pambar before it flows into the Kariyar Dam reservoir, where it meets Kariyar.The river descends down the mountains near Papanasam, where it forms the Kalyanatheertham falls and Agasthiar fallsTributaries Of The River: From the source to sea, the total length of the river is about 125 km., of which its course in Tirunelveli district alone is about 75 km. Ori ginating at an altitude of 1725 m. above MSL at Periya Pothigai hill ranges and integral hill track of Western Ghats in Ambasamudram taluk, it passes through the taluks of Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai of Tirunelveli district and Srivaikundam and Tiruchendur taluksof Thoothukkudi district. In the Ghats, the chief tributaries of the river are the Peyar, Ullar, Karaiyar, Servalar and the Pambar. These rivers join the Tamiraparani and enrich its  course before it reaches the plains. The first tributary which enriches the water of the Tamiraparani in the plains on the right side is the Manimuthar. Then comes the Gadananathi, which joins the Tamiraparani at Tiruppudaimaruthur. Before the Gadananathi’s entry into the Tamiraparani, the Gadananadhi is joined by the rivers Kallar, Karunaiyar and Veeranathi or Varahanathi which joins the river Gadananathi about 1.5 km north-east of Kila Ambur. The river Pachaiyar is another tributary which joins the Tamiraparani near Tharuvai village in Palayamkottai Taluk.One of the important and affluent tributaries of the Tamiraparani is the Chithar or Chitranathi which arises in the Courtalam hills and receives supply from the rivers Gundar, Hanumanathi and Karuppanathi. The Chithar empities itself into the Tamiraparani in Sivalapperi Village. The river drains with its tributaries an area of about 4400 sq. km. As most of its extensive catchments areas lay in the Western ghats, the river enjoys the full benefit of both the monsoons which make the river perennial. Since all its tributaries are arising from the Western ghats, the river is prone to heavy floods especially during the North East monsoon. Usage Of The River(Then):Not much is known about the usage of Tamirabarani River back then. The river has been historically known as Podhigai. It finds mention in the ancient Sangam and Tamil texts. There is an ancient script written as ‘Thamirabarani mahathmiyam’.Usage Of The River(Now): The many anicuts,dams and re servoirs on the Thamirabarani river, along with those on the Manimuthar River, provide a large proportion of the water for irrigation and power generation for Tirunelveli District. It is fed by both the monsoons – the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail. The Gadananadhi has 6 anicuts and a reservoir of 9,970,000 m ³, and irrigates 38.87 km ² of wetlands. The Ramanadhi has 7 anicuts, a reservoir of 4,300,000 m ³, and irrigates 20.23 km ² of wetlands. Pachaiyar River has 12 anicuts and irrigates 61.51 km ² of wet and dry lands.The important irrigation channels branching off from both the banks of the river Tamiraparani are, South Kodaimelalagian channel, North Kodaimelalagian channel (Kodaimelalagian  anaicut), Nathiyunni channel (Nathiyunni anaicut), Kannadian channel (Kannadian anaicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anaicut), Palayam (Palavur anaicut) channel, Tirunelveli channel (Suthamalli anai cut), Marudur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anaicut), South Main Channel and North Main Channel (Srivaikundam anaicut). Of these the first seven anaicuts were constructed during the period of ancient and medieval rulers and the last anaicut namely the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869.List of dams across Thamirabarani river:1. Kodaimelaalagain anaicut 1281.67Hectares 2. Nathiyunni anaicut 1049.37 Hectares 3. Kannadian anaicut 2266.69 Hectares 4. Ariyanayagipuram anaicut 4767.30Hectares 5. Palavur anaicut 3557.26Hectares 6. Suthamalli anaicut 2559.69Hectares 7. Marudur anaicut 7175.64HectaresList of channels:1. South Kodaimelalagain channel 2. North Kodaimelalagain channel 3. Nathiyunni channel 4. Kannadian channel 5. Kodagan channel 6. Palayam channel 7. Tirunelveli channel 8. Marudur Melakkal 9. Marudur KeelakalPollution And Other Problems: This was an article in a Tamil daily.Many rivers in Tamil nadu have already become poisoned due to the mixing of industrial wastages and sewages. No measures have been taken to prevent them from degradation. Cooum is the best example for how a river can be degraded into a drainage. Noyyal has been polluted long back by the industries at. Uyyakondan/ Kudamuruti river, which passes through Tiruchirappalli has almost reached the drainage degree. Thamirabarani was the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. Now, this river also poses a danger of being polluted due to plastic waste. Water falling from Coutralam falls is named as Sitraaru (Chitra Nadhi in Sanskrit), which is a branch to Tamirabharani is getting polluted by tourists day by day by polythene wastes. The Servalaaru, another branch river of Tamirabarani also getting poluted in its origination point itself by the tourists. Of late, Thamirabarani River is greatly polluted due to rapid industrialization on its banks including pulp, paper, textile, various workshops, photographic industries, various small scale industries leadin g to the discharge untreated effluents as also human and animal wastes, etc.The waste consists of dye stuff, sulphates, sulphide, copper, zinc, lead, phenolics, chlorides, lingo cellulosic wastes, mercaptans, mercury, etc. The survey conducted at various canals of Thamirabarani river reveals that the arsenic, chemical and pollution levels are extremely high than the permissible limits. Further the presence of amala plants in the canal greatly absorbs the oxygen level leading to the death of living things. Besides, the increased presence of microbes spreads foul smell in the canals. There are shocking reports that one litre of river water contains more than 1,300 microbes. The presence of high-level of toxic substances in the river water and its consumption causes irritation and other skin related diseases. There is huge apprehension among the scientists and farmers that if the present situation is allowed to continue, the crops will be greatly affected. Due to sand mining,the number of fish in the river has met with a drastic decrease.In Tirunelveli,Tuticorin,Virudhunagar districts,people are hesitating to use the â€Å"Jiva Nathi†Tamirabarani’s water for irrigating their fields.The river earlier was the source of water for cooking,consum-ption and other uses.The hotels,factories and hospitals on the banks of the river are dumping their hazardous wastes in the river.The settlements on the banks are also polluting the river on their part.The people have been using the river as a place to attend their nature’s call.Because of these,some parts of the river has become unfit for human use.Due to the mixing of germs,harmful alloys,factory wastes in the river,the Tamirabharani river is heading towards destruction.Plans And Projects To Rectify The Problems:Though the Government has taken many steps to clean rivers,none of them are being carried out properly.Also,the awareness among the people is decreasing day by day.First of all,if the mixing of wastes in the river is stopped,two thirds of the pollution will stop.The river also poses as a breeding ground for mosquitoes as the sewage mixes in the river.If the sewage is diverted,the breeding of mosquitoes will stop.Rivers and streams provide 65% of our nation’s drinking water.The second step is to create awareness among the people.Many rivers have been saved due to community projects undertaken by the people.Likewise,if the problems faced by the Tamirabharani river gains awareness,there is scope for positive development.Conclusion:The problem is never too late to be solved.The future of the Tamirabharani river will be determined by our actions.Do we want our Tamirabhrani river,the â€Å"Jiva Nathi† Tamirabharani to become another Cooum?The question is posed before us.The answer for this question lies in our hands. Through the National River Cleanup Program in the US, 900,000+ people have cleaned 162,000+ miles of streams, removing almost 9 million pounds of tras h.This could act as an example for us.The steps taken hereafter, should be proactive and not improvident. A research paper on River Tamirabarani Introduction:The Tamirabarani River originates from the famous Agasthiyarkoodam Peak in Western Ghats,Ambasumadram Taluk.It flows through Tirunelveli and Tuticorin .Etymology:The Thamirabarani contains traces of copper, hence its name (Thamiram means copper in Tamil). The copper content gives it a distinct reddish shade.The river has also been historically known as Porunai.Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as Tamiram (copper) and Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin as the bed of the river is of red soil; when the water flows on the red soil it gives a copper-like appearance.Historical Reference:The Ancient Greeks of the time of Ptolemy refer to the river as Solen. Spelt differently as Tampraparani, Tamraparni, Tamiravaruni, etc., the river is mentioned as the Porunai nathi in Tamil poetic literature. It gets recognition and is referred to as the renowned one in Sanskrit literature references to which are as old as that of the Puranas and Epics.Almost all th e villages and towns along the course of this river are historical settlements.One well known example is Aadhichanallur which is a preserved  site of the State Archaeology Department from where pre-historic artifacts are excavated.The Tamirabarani river is referred to in anicient Sangam and Tamil texts. In Mahabharatha (3:88) the river is mentioned as â€Å"Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the desire of obtaining salvation†Geographical Notes:The Tamiraparani originates from the peak of the Periya Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The great river like the Cauvery, but unlike most of the other Indian rivers, is fed by both the monsoons – the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail.Prior to the bifurcation of the Tirunelveli district, the Tamiraparani was the only major river in Tamiln adu which had its source and end in the same district. After bifurcation, the river traverses the two districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin before joining the Gulf of Mannar of the Bay of Bengal at Punnaikayal in Tiruchendur taluk of Thoothukkudi district.The river is 130 kilometers in length and the Thamirabarani basin is situated between latitudes 8.21` N and 9.13` N and between 77.10` E longitudes. The forty metres deep Vanatheertham waterfalls are located near the origin of the Thamirabarani River. The river is feed by its tributaries as well as by monsoons. The river is joined by its headwater tributaries Peyar, Ullar, Pambar before it flows into the Kariyar Dam reservoir, where it meets Kariyar.The river descends down the mountains near Papanasam, where it forms the Kalyanatheertham falls and Agasthiar fallsTributaries Of The River:From the source to sea, the total length of the river is about 125 km., of which its course in Tirunelveli district alone is about 75 km. Originat ing at an altitude of 1725 m. above MSL at Periya Pothigai hill ranges and integral hill track of Western Ghats in Ambasamudram taluk, it passes through the taluks of Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai of Tirunelveli district and Srivaikundam and Tiruchendur taluks of Thoothukkudi district. In the Ghats, the chief tributaries of the river are the Peyar, Ullar, Karaiyar, Servalar and the Pambar. These rivers join the Tamiraparani and enrich its course before it reaches the plains. The first tributary which enriches the water of the Tamiraparani in the plains on the right side is the Manimuthar.Then comes the Gadananathi, which joins the Tamiraparani at Tiruppudaimaruthur. Before the Gadananathi’s entry into the Tamiraparani, the Gadananadhi is joined by the rivers Kallar, Karunaiyar and Veeranathi or Varahanathi which joins the river Gadananathi about 1.5 km north-east of Kila Ambur. The river Pachaiyar is another tributary which joins the Tamiraparani near Tharuvai village in Pala yamkottai Taluk. One of the important and affluent tributaries of the Tamiraparani is the Chithar or Chitranathi which arises in the Courtalam hills and receives supply from the rivers Gundar, Hanumanathi and Karuppanathi. The Chithar empities itself into the Tamiraparani in Sivalapperi Village.The river drains with its tributaries an area of about 4400 sq. km. As most of its extensive catchments areas lay in the Western ghats, the river enjoys the full benefit of both the monsoons which make the river perennial. Since all its tributaries are arising from the Western ghats, the river is prone to heavy floods especially during the North East monsoon. Usage Of The River(Then):Not much is known about the usage of Tamirabarani River back then. The river has been historically known as Podhigai. It finds mention in the ancient Sangam and Tamil texts. There is an ancient script written as ‘Thamirabarani mahathmiyam’.Usage Of The River(Now):The many anicuts,dams and reservoirs on the Thamirabarani river, along with those on the Manimuthar River, provide a large proportion of the water for irrigation and power generation for Tirunelveli District. It is fed by both the monsoons – the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail. The Gadananadhi has 6 anicuts and a reservoir of 9,970,000 m ³, and irrigates 38.87 km ² of wetlands. The Ramanadhi has 7 anicuts, a reservoir of 4,300,000 m ³, and irrigates 20.23 km ² of wetlands. Pachaiyar River has 12 anicuts and irrigates 61.51 km ² of wet and dry lands.The important irrigation channels branching off from both the banks of the river Tamiraparani are, South Kodaimelalagian channel, North Kodaimelalagian channel (Kodaimelalagian  anaicut), Nathiyunni channel (Nathiyunni anaicut), Kannadian channel (Kannadian anaicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anaicut), Palayam (Palavur anaicut) channel, Tirunelveli channel (Suthamalli anaicut), Mar udur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anaicut), South Main Channel and North Main Channel (Srivaikundam anaicut). Of these the first seven anaicuts were constructed during the period of ancient and medieval rulers and the last anaicut namely the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869.List of dams across Thamirabarani river:1. Kodaimelaalagain anaicut 1281.67Hectares 2. Nathiyunni anaicut 1049.37 Hectares 3. Kannadian anaicut 2266.69 Hectares 4. Ariyanayagipuram anaicut 4767.30Hectares 5. Palavur anaicut 3557.26Hectares 6. Suthamalli anaicut 2559.69Hectares 7. Marudur anaicut 7175.64HectaresList of channels:1. South Kodaimelalagain channel 2. North Kodaimelalagain channel 3. Nathiyunni channel 4. Kannadian channel 5. Kodagan channel 6. Palayam channel 7. Tirunelveli channel 8. Marudur Melakkal 9. Marudur KeelakalPollution And Other Problems: This was an article in a Tamil daily.Many rivers in Tamil nadu have already become poisoned due to the mi xing of industrial wastages and sewages. No measures have been taken to prevent them from degradation. Cooum is the best example for how a river can be degraded into a drainage. Noyyal has been polluted long back by the industries at  Tiruppur. Uyyakondan/ Kudamuruti river, which passes through Tiruchirappalli has almost reached the drainage degree. Thamirabarani was the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. Now, this river also poses a danger of being polluted due to plastic waste.Water falling from Coutralam falls is named as Sitraaru (Chitra Nadhi in Sanskrit), which is a branch to Tamirabharani is getting polluted by tourists day by day by polythene wastes. The Servalaaru, another branch river of Tamirabarani also getting poluted in its origination point itself by the tourists. Of late, Thamirabarani River is greatly polluted due to rapid industrialization on its banks including pulp, paper, textile, various workshops, photographic industries, various small scale industries lead ing to the discharge untreated effluents as also human and animal wastes, etc. The waste consists of dye stuff, sulphates, sulphide, copper, zinc, lead, phenolics, chlorides, lingo cellulosic wastes, mercaptans, mercury, etc.The survey conducted at various canals of Thamirabarani river reveals that the arsenic, chemical and pollution levels are extremely high than the permissible limits. Further the presence of amala plants in the canal greatly absorbs the oxygen level leading to the death of living things. Besides, the increased presence of microbes spreads foul smell in the canals. There are shocking reports that one litre of river water contains more than 1,300 microbes. The presence of high-level of toxic substances in the river water and its consumption causes irritation and other skin related diseases. There is huge apprehension among the scientists and farmers that if the present situation is allowed to continue, the crops will be greatly affected.Due to sand mining,the numbe r of fish in the river has met with a drastic decrease.In Tirunelveli,Tuticorin,Virudhunagar districts,people are hesitating to use the â€Å"Jiva Nathi†Tamirabarani’s water for irrigating their fields.The river earlier was the source of water for cooking,consum-ption and other uses.The hotels,factories and hospitals on the banks of the river are dumping their hazardous wastes in the river.The settlements on the banks are also polluting the river on their part.The people have been using the river as a place to attend their nature’s call.Because of these,some parts of the river has become unfit for human use.Due to the mixing of germs,harmful alloys,factory wastes in the river,the Tamirabharani river is heading towards destruction.Plans And Projects To Rectify The Problems:Though the Government has taken many steps to clean rivers,none of them are being carried out properly.Also,the awareness among the people is decreasing day by day.First of all,if the mixing of wastes in the river is stopped,two thirds of the pollution will stop.The river also poses as a breeding ground for mosquitoes as the sewage mixes in the river.If the sewage is diverted,the breeding of mosquitoes will stop.Rivers and streams provide 65% of our nation’s drinking water.The second step is to create awareness among the people.Many rivers have been saved due to community projects undertaken by the people.Likewise,if the problems faced by the Tamirabharani river gains awareness,there is scope for positive development.Conclusion:The problem is never too late to be solved.The future of the Tamirabharani river will be determined by our actions.Do we want our Tamirabhrani river,the â€Å"Jiva Nathi† Tamirabharani to become another Cooum?The question is posed before us.The answer for this question lies in our hands. Through the National River Cleanup Program in the US, 900,000+ people have cleaned 162,000+ miles of streams, removing almost 9 million pounds of tra sh.This could act as an example for us.The steps taken hereafter, should be proactive and not improvident.