Girlfight and Pumping Iron II :: Film Movies

Girlfight and Pumping Iron II Our society tends to define masculinity and femininity according to rigid gender norms that are learned at young ages. These norms are apparent in language, perceptions, behaviors and pastimes. Since sport is considered a great American pastime, it is a popular realm for the separation of the sexes and the creation of socially defined proper roles for women and men. Sports like bodybuilding and boxing have come to be viewed as masculine because they involve conventionally masculine traits such as strength and aggression. In contrast, sports such as gymnastics and ice-skating have come to be viewed as feminine because they involve conventionally feminine traits such as charm and grace. Thru documenting the lives of female athletes competing in non-traditional sports for their sex, the movies Girlfight and Pumping Iron II reveal certain social and cultural costs and benefits of gender norm defiance. Girlfight portrays the sport of boxing as the savior for a confused, misunderstood and quite angry teenager who is spiraling down a path of self-destruction. Diana Guzman, the protagonist of the movie, finds discipline, self-respect, balance and love in the most unexpected of places- the boxing ring. By competing, and eventually succeeding in a sport that is not generally a welcome endeavor for females, Diana is able to transcend the bitter world outside the boxing ring and feel senses of acceptance, empowerment, pride, confidence, self-fulfillment and accomplishment. Her unconventional success is a form of communication. She shows young women and men everywhere that it is okay to hit or throw, "like a girl", and that beauty can come in many different forms. The same is true for Rachel McLish, Carla Dunlap, Lori Bowen and Bev Francis, the bodybuilders in Pumping Iron II. Their small victories in the gym and on the stage become larger victories in the fight for gender equality. Their biceps bulge out of their bikinis and cry, "We can do it too!" Diana, Rachel, Carla, Lori and Bev serve as strong and powerful feminist role models who believe in themselves and their bodies, defy patriarchy and create rights of passages. However, these females' roads to success are not paved with gold. Diana runs into many macho traditionalists who believe that equality is "crap" and that her energies should be spent elsewhere. Her trainer initially doubts and underestimates her, telling her that, "It is not right. It's dangerous.

The Crying of Lot 49 – the Mystery of Trystero

Thomas Pynchon’s novel The Crying of Lot 49 is his second novel, and its his shortest novel, and many even consider it more of an experimantal novel. This novel is about a woman named Oedipa Maas and her quest for the secret behind a hidden and a shadowy organization known as Trystero ( it is also sometimes spelled as Tristero ). This novel was written in 1960s which was a very turbulent time in the history of the United States. Many things happened during this period, many of them had a dramatic influencce on the lives of the ordinary people. During this period, the world witnessed the assassination of J. F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, there was also the rise in the rights women and Civil Rights movement. This was also a time of the so called drug culture, for the abuse of drugs was very common. The novel shows us this world as a world that is constantly high, constantly on drugs and drunk, filled with secrets, information from questionable sources and secret identites. The subject of this paper is the secret society and an organization known as Trystero and their secret underground war against United States government and the official state postal system. Before we move on to the story of the novel, we must first remind ourselves of the postmodern novel and what constitutes a postmodern literature. Postmodern literature, as postmodernism as a whole, is very hard to define for there are no standards for it nor are there any founding fathers, writers who set the standards for it. We could say that postmodern literature is a continuation of the experimantation started by the modernist writers and authors and their usage of fragmentation, paradox, questionable authors, etc and it is also a reaction against the enlighment ideas set by modernist literature. As it was mentioned, postmodern literature is very hard to define and many even say that is no longer exists, also hard to determine. However, many authors and literary critics agree on common themes that occur in postmodern literature, themese that are almost always present in these works and that are always grouped together in order to create irony, humour or to parody something. These themes are however not always used all the postmodern authors, so they can not be called standard postmodern themes, but they occcur most commonly. Thomas Pynchon and his novel The Crying of Lot 49 are an example of postmodern writing, for Pynchon always uses parody, paranoia, playfulness and black humour in his works, and this work is also filled with these themes. Postmodern authors, Pynchon among them, usually treat serious themes and subjects in a humorous and funny manner. Pynchon does that in this novel. In The Crying of Lot 49, Pynchon deals with a serious topic about lives of people in a modern consumer America, about secrets and mysterious organizations, secret identities and also how information can influence our thoughts and even confuse and disturb us, but he approached all of that in a humorous and a funny way. This novel is a sort of a parody of a detective novel. This is because in real detective novels, the hero starts to solve the mystery starting from various and numerous clues, from a, we could say, chaos of information and draws a conclusion which leads to the truth behind the mystery and reveals the bad guy. In this novel however, we have Oedipa who opens a mailbox to get the letter and discovers that she has a job to do, pretty simple really, but as the novel progresses, her life and task become more complicated and complicated, she learns about the Trystero and her ex-boyfriend’s job and business undertakings but instead of making things clear, instead of solving the mystery of the Trystero, she became even more confused than she was when she first found out about them, so much confused that she almost lost her mind and started to think if it all was nothing more than a joke, created by her deceased ex-boyfriend or even maybe this was all just the work of her own imagination. This novel also has paranoia present in itself, Oedipa becomes paranoid about the world and the people around herself, but she is not the only one really. Almost all characters are paranoid, and the existence of the Trystero is more than enough to create a paranoid world. What also makes this novel postmodern is the usage of wordplay. Pynchon plays with words, names of the people, like Pierce Inverarity, Mike Fallopian, Stanley koteks, Oedipa Maas, with the names of the towns like San Narciso and we also have the wordplay with words like waste which is turned here in this novel into an acronym W. A. S. T. E. and KCUF radio station. What also makes this novel postmodern is that we have unreliable narrator. Oedipa Maas is the main protagonist of this story, but we see the action of the novel only as she does and we know what we know, no more no less, and she is almost always drunk or on drugs, just like all other characters that appear in the novel. We can say that this novel also combines elements of both modern and postmodern novels, because the relation between these two genres is often connected because they share both similarities and differences. Oedipa Maas is the heroine, a modernist heroine who is trapped in a postmodern world. Her quest is not only to discover the death of Mr Inverarity and of the Tristero, but also to discover her inner self and her inner soul. She meets people who can be considered as lost causes, but Pynchon sees them as someone really worth fighting for as they have shown the real self-discovery. We could say that this is the novel of the character development, a bildungs roman, for Oedipa develops her character, no matter how confused she is in the end, she becomes stronger and more determined to discover the real truth, no matter how weird and confusing that truth really is. She continues and carries on even though her quest is a lost cause. However, Pynchon also uses his postmodern novel in order to criticize the modernist vision of the world by showing us a society that filled with discarded objects and discarded people. The most obvious example of this is the acronym WASTE, which becomes a central theme in the novel, but will talk about it later in the paper. There are also discarded people who formed secret underground groups and societies as a response to various forms of rejection by their society. For example we have IA group, created by a man who swore off love after his wife cheated on him, The Alameda County Death Club and the Peter Pinguids, a group of people who are against industrial capitalism etc. As it was stated in the beginning, the subject of this paper is the mysterious Trystero organization. This novel is a bout a world, a world that seems to be constantly on drugs or drunk. We could think that this is the world that many people try to get away from, trying to vanish from it, for in this novel Oedipa meets various people who just want to be left alone, forgotten perhaps. We see people who have not rebelled against the government and they are not the deserters, they have just chose to leave, to hide and stay hidden. Oedipa sees this as their first real independent choice, a choice they have all made away from the press, the government and its institutions. They don’t use official state institutions, in this case the official postal system of the United States. This is the world of secrets and hidden identities, and of course secret societies, underground organizations, like Trystero is. What is this Trystero? Who are they? What is their goal? Their mission and agenda? Oedipa wants to find out just that, who they are and what they want, but unfortunately all she accomplishes is to end up completely baffled by everything and everyone she meets. As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, she does not give up and is determined to continue with her search. Trystero represents this main aspect of underground and of hiding away from the government and the world. We as readers of this novel know about Trystero as much as Oedipa does and we also in the end, as she does, end up confused and baffled if all of this was actually real or was it all just her imagination or a bad joke. The bulk of the book is spent following Oedipa as she tries to track down what exactly the Trystero is. She stumbles upon this one night when she and Metzger are at The Scope, a club frequented by Yoyodyne employees, a huge defense contractor for the military in the area. While in the ladies’ room Oedipa notices the following written near a drawing of a muted horn: â€Å"Interested in sophisticated fun? You, hubby, girl friends. The more the merrier. Get in touch with Kirby, through WASTE only, Box 7391, L. A. †1 The book then follows a play-within-a-play format when Oedipa watches a play called The Courier’s Tragedy which puts into some context the history between Tristero and Thurn And Taxis, the latter being a real mail distribution company throughout Europe for many centuries. It is from this play that Oedipa learns about the history of Trystero. According to the story, Trystero was defeated by Thurn and Taxis in the 1700. and since then it has been hiding and went underground. This Trystero now exists, or at least it appears to exist, or maybe not, as a secret society that is completely separated from the United States government and the official postal service. Oedipa even believes that Trystero battled with Pony Express and United States Postal Service over the control of information flow. However, this battle seems to go on, between Tristero and US Postal Service. Tristero is the symbol of the underground here in the novel and they are present as an invisible force with a hidden agenda and goals. Their symbol is a muted post horn which is the first thing Oedipa sees of the Tristero in a club mentioned early and their way of communicating and transfering of information is through the WASTE system which uses clever disguises – their way of transferring information, a kind of parody to the official postal service, is by using waste-bins as their post-boxes. Thomas Pynchon does a very good job in making us believe that this society indeed really exists, but he also confuses by putting various names, most of them of people who are actually not so important for the story of the novel, but he does manage to create and illusion of a conspiracy. The most important part of the novel is the reproduction of the fictional Jacobean Drama known as The Courier’s Tragedy. This play is where Oedipa first hear the name Tristero and of their struggle with Thurn and Taxis. This play provides us with the first account of the Tristero, but it is their symbol that really draws our attention. We will now discuss the symbols of Tristero, for they are the key to understanding it, or at least trying ot understand the story behind them. These include the muted post horn and WASTE system. We will begin with the first symbol that Oedipa comes in contact with and tha th is the muted post horn. Oedipa first sees this symbol in the bathroom of a club The Scope, as a part of a small message, more like an add. Fro mthat moment she will see this symbol everywhere she goes. Genghis Cohen will show her the post horn tha ris hidden in a certain stamp collection that was I nthe possession of her late ex-boyfriend, mr Inverarity. Later she will see the same symbol being scribbled on paper by a technician in Yoyodine building, Stanley Koteks. Oedipa even sees it when children draw it in the park and play a game in which they mention Tristero. This post horn, as Oedipa finds out from Cohen, was a symbol of Thurn and Taxis. Their symbol is a post horn, while Tristero uses a muted post horn, probably as a way to mock them. Tristero, as it is given, fought against Thurn and Taxis and lost the battle. Tristero went into the hiding and managed t oreach United States somewhere arund 1853. nd fought the Pony Express and Wells, Fargo, and their agents were always either dressed as outlaws in black or as indians, Oedipa manages to recover a ring fro man old man, Mr. Thoth, who lives in a retirement home bulit by Pierce Inverarity. He tells her that this ring, which ha s the muted post horn engraved on it, was given to him by his grandfather who got it from an indian he killed. However, at one time, Oedipa met a man who wore a pin with the muted post horn: â€Å"What if I told you, â€Å" she adressed the owner of the pin, â€Å"that I was an agent of Thurn and Taxis? † â€Å"What, â€Å" he answered, â€Å" some theatrical agency? †2 Here we have a different story about the origin of the muted post horn. According to his story, this is a symbol of Inamorati Anonymus, a group of people who forsook love, which they see as the worst addiction of all. The creator of the organziation and of the symbol was a Yoyodine executive, who found the Inamorati Anonymus after finding out that his wife was cheating on him. This leads us back to point when Oedipa saw for the first time the muted post horn as a part of the advertisement for this organization, which makes us believe if Tristero really is real or just an organization of people who have forsook love and make sure that no one else ever falls in love are using secretive methods to communicate with each other. Another characteristic of this novel, and another symbol of the Trystero, is the so called WASTE. This can stand as an acronym which means We Await Silent Trystero Empire, which is always written on regular waste bins. This can also stand for a secret undergrounf information network that is used by people who forsook their own lives and chosen t olive I nsecrecy and away form the government. There are even corporations who refuse to use the official postal system, like Yoyodine, and there is also an organization known as Peter Penguid Society, of which Mike Fallopian is the member, who oppose the monopoly of the US Postal Service and are using their own private system. This is a system of information transfer that is used by those who want to remain hidden, secret, and there are signs that Tristero is the runner of it. They use waste bins and their postman, or couriers,are bums and other social missfits. Inamorati Anonymus is the organiztion that openly uses the WASTE system for their communication. These two symbols, the muted post horn and the WASTE system, give us and Oedipa clues about Tristero but the lalso confuse us, brcause as we learn about their connectionwith Tristero, we also learn their other meanings and that they are being used by some other ynderground isoalted groups and organizations. After all this confusion, Oedipa returns to the Jacobean Drama, where she first heard the word Tristero. She comes in contact with Emory Bortz, a proffesor at San Narciso College, for the information about the play itself, especially the Tristero version of the play. Unfortunately, the only person who knew the real story about the play was Driblette, who directed the play Oedipa saw, and he commited a suicide. As we draw near to the end of the novel, we see that Oedipa discovers a great deal of historical Tristero, about its origins. She discovers that it was created around 1577, I nthe Netherlands. After William of Orange achieved independence from Spain and the Holy Roman empire, he replaced the people who were in control of the Thurn and Taxis and Leopold I’s rule, and in their place put a man named Jan Hinckard. However, Hinckard was challenged by his cousin Hernando Joaquin de Tristero y Calavera. Tristero fought a guerilla war against Hinckard from 1578. until 1583. Tristero gives up the fighting and sets up a covert system. However, Oedipa finds out that during 17th Century, Thurn and Taxis struggle to maintain their system ,and this may mena that Tristero was very effective during that time and period. Tristero’s presence as the black coated bandits was confirmed by Proffesor Bortz wh ogave her a book An Account of the Singular Peregrinations of Dr. Diocletian Blobb. Dr. Blobb survived one of their attacks with him being captured by them and sent back to England in order t otell everyone of the power of Tristero. Oedipa in the end managed t odiscover a great deal of historical information about the Tristero, but this did not satisfy her because she still did not know why Driblette mentioned the Tristero in his work, when in the original work there is no mentioning of them at all. Wheteher this is true or not, Oedipa tells everything to Mike Fallopian back at the Scope, where she first saw the muted post horn. Fallopian, after hearing her story and her findings, asks Oedipa if she ever considered the possibility that this may all had been a joke orchestrated by Pierce Inverarity. She did consider this, but refuses to think like that anymore. Later she goes back and again searches through all of the Pierce’s possesions and finds out that Pierce had presence in all the places and had inlfuence on all the people she met. He owned Zapf’s Used Bookstore, where she bought her copy of the Jacobean drama, he also owned the Tank Theater, where she saw Driblette’s production of â€Å"The Courier’s Tragedy†. Proffesor Bortz works at San Narciso College, which was founded by Pierce himself, and even blobb’s Peregrinations were bought at Zapf’s Used Bookstore. Thisl eads her to believe that Fallopian may be right, that all of this was nothing more than joke, a gag produced by Pierce himself. The ending of the novel also does not help us, for it is open ended. Oedipa goes to an auction of Peirce’s stamp collection, which is under the name Lot 49, but that is where it all ends. In a conclusion, we are left confused whether this was all real. Pynchon did a great job of providing the information about the historical founding of the Tristero, but he also filled his novel with other information, all of it made up, even the historical. Instead of finding answers, we find more and more questions. The Crying of Lot 49 shows a fragmented world in which there are always more alternatives, in this world information leads to more information which create more questions and answers. This leads people, like Oedipa in this case, to create various alternate interpretations just in order to create some sort of the bigger picture onto which they will hold to. This entire Tristero conspiracy may have been a joke or a paranoid creation by Oedipa herself, or maybe there is truth behind it all. We will never know. We do know, that there are secret organizations who uses secret and undercover means of communicating, there are people who have secret identities, who seek truth somewhere else. We all live in the world filled with information and symbols and who knows, maybe there is a secret undercover conspiracy by a secret postal system who wants t obring down the monopol of the government’s postal system. Personally, I find this novel to be very interesting because it deals with a mystery and search for the truth. When I read it, I found it hard t ounderstand it in the end, whether this is all true, if there really is Tristero, or maybe this was all just a paranoid dream by Oedipa or maybe even a possibilty that this was all a bad joke by Pierce with Oedipa as its target. Whatever the truth is, we will never really know, for the novel has the open ending, but all quests, all attempts to find some sort of truth end up like that – with more questions than answers and with multiple interpretations of evidence and information. End Notes 1. Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49, First perennial fiction library edition, 1986. Pg. 52 2. ibid. , Pg. 111 Bibliography www. wikipedia. org www. sparknotes. com http://www. examiner. com/x-13462-West-Palm-Beach-Literature-Examiner~y2009m7d19-Modernism-v-Postmodernism-part-one-The-Crying-of-Lot-49 http://cl49. pynchonwiki. com/wiki/index. php? title=The_Crying_of_Lot_49 Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49, First perennial fiction library edition, 1986

Catering and Marketing Essay

To perform successfully, a catering service must be market-oriented and should apply the marketing concept, which is derived from the assumption that a product should be capable of meeting the needs of consumers, foremost, through its quality. To fully meet the needs and wants of costumers on the one hand, and to accomplish its business goals on the other hand, a catering business needs to combine the elements of the marketing mix in order to be as successful as possible in selling its product on the market. Guest satisfaction must be ensured. I. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Marketing is not only much broader than selling; it is not a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.† – Peter Drucker Food is an indispensable part of the human needs and wants that is always present in every circumstance. It is a usual unison that people have in an event which covers a large number of people dining and feasting meaning a reason for the essence of catering services. Catering services is one of the most dynamic business groups in the food and beverage industry. By industry definition, catering is the planned service of food and beverages – in contrast to restaurants, where food and beverages are generally served on demand. The opportunity for catering services to provide planned food and beverages is far greater than it is for restaurants. While restaurants are business units that serve the general public within their operating facilities, catering services, for the most part, can be provided in any venue, public or private. Unlimited types of settings, both indoors and out, are used for catering functions. The number of people who can be served at a catering function range from one to many, many more – often totalling in the thousands. For a service organization such as catering to acquire customers, it is important that marketing strategies be deployed to improve its own ability to compete with other catering services gain a competitive advantage and thus retain a greater number of customers. Marketing is an important aspect of every catering operation. As customer demands increase for catering-related services, corresponding marketing efforts must be developed. Catering business can live and die by the strength of their marketing efforts, particularly in areas with high levels of competition. An effective marketing plan can lead to the growth of your customer base, larger catering jobs, and increased profits. As consumers grow increasingly, the role of advertising and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food and service. Definition of Terms Marketing. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging oï ¬â‚¬erings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Strategy. It is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Catering. The activity of providing food and beverage for events. Marketing Mix. A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product’s marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Product. Represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Promotion. The publicization of a product to increase sales or public awareness Price. A value that will purchase a finite quantity of a product or service. Product Distribution. It is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is conducted specifically on eleven (11) Catering Services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically the eleven (11) catering services are as follows: 1. Tony and Ann Catering Services – located in Balanga City 2. Mommy-Tah’s Catering – located in Orion 3. Petrius Resto and Bar Catering – located in Balanga City 4. Goldiluz Catering – located in Balanga City 5. Ysiad’s Catering – located in Balanga City 6. Cora’s Catering – located in Orion 7. Junifred Catering Service and Accessories- located in Orani 8. Cj’s Catering Services – located in Dinalupihan 9. Mattro Catering Services- located in Hermosa 10. Gourmet Catering and Flower Shop- located in Orani 11. Know- Well Catering Services- located in Abucay The eleven (11) Catering Services were subjected to survey questionnaire. One catering services at a time. Furthermore, this study was limited to finding only the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used by the different catering services. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of marketing strategies used by different catering services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions. 1. Is there a significant relationship between the location of the business and its marketing strategies? 2. Is there a significant relationship between the number of years of the business and its marketing strategies? Significance of the Study A study such as this enabled the different catering services in the locale to see if their marketing strategies were effective to increase their income. Furthermore, this is also important to all the catering services for this will help them in the promotion of their services using different marketing strategies. With the use of various marketing strategies, catering services may lead to higher income. Moreover, the useful and relevant information acquired from this study may help future researchers in the same field of study. This study will further help the catering services to develop more effective marketing strategies. Related Literature According to Scanlon (2007), the marketing mix includes the marketing strategy elements and may be conducted either as an alternative to the marketing cycle or as a continuing activity in the market process. The marketing mix incorporates the four basic elements into the overall strategy of marketing a product or service. The four basic elements consist of: †¢ a product (product) †¢ the price of the product (price) †¢ the promotion of the product, and (promotion) †¢ the distribution of the product. (place) The product. This is the primary element of the marketing mix, with the other elements adjusting to it depending on the given situation. The product represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. The product has all the attributes of a service, and it is designated for the market. What is a service, and which are the attributes of a product as a service? A service represents the result of the interaction of three basic elements: the user (guest), equipment (facility), and the service staff (staff). This result should meet the needs of guests (for example, wedding reception). The process of building a service brand is vital to the product as a service. Becoming distinctive in the marketplace and building a brand helps to gain the trust of guests. Product price. The pricing should be based on three key elements: †¢ service demand, †¢ costs incurred in creating services, and †¢ comparing and adjusting prices to those of rivals on the market. Some potential customers are more sensitive to prices than others. For some, price is the single variable on which they base their decision to buy (or not to buy) a product, while others care nothing for the price, as long as it guarantees the quality of services provided. Hence, businesses need to be elastic in pricing. They must carefully monitor the reactions of customers to prices and, accordingly, adjust or change prices depending upon demand. Costs clearly influence the price of a product, and they determine the bottom price below which a business will begin to loss money. Prices should not, however, be overly cost-oriented, and they should not be increased to cover costs. Instead, they should be based on demand and adjusted to changes on the market. Rivals also play an important role in pricing. A business will often be compelled to change its pricing policy as a result of changes in the prices of rivals. Considering how fierce competition is today, it must be analyzed and mon itored. This means that prices, once fixed, cannot be allowed to remain unchanged, but rather, their adjustment to change should be taken as a sign of their flexibility. Product promotion. To promote a product, the business communicates with the market of demand. The market of demand comprises potential customers, various business organisations and organisations belonging to non-economic branches, and media. In promoting a product, a variety of promotional methods are used to present the product to potential customers and attract their attention. Considering the growing number of promotional methods available today in promoting a product, businesses choose to use a combination of promotional elements.

Myth Study Guide

CLT3378 Exam 1 Dr. Branscome Section 4 http://quizlet. com/14533032/clt3378-flash-cards/ Above is a link to a useful, flash card, study tool to help master these terms. * Hero: Figures in whom the gods take a special interest. An example of a hero in Greek culture is Hercules. * Trickster: Tricksters are amoral, shape-shifting deceivers in mythology. An example in the Babylonian Enuma Elish is the god Ea. * Polytheism: The belief and acknowledgement of many gods. Polytheistic cultures include the Greeks, Canaanites and Babylonians. Anthropomorphism: Conception of gods â€Å"in shape of human beings,† have features of humans and act like humans. An example of this is Baal in the Canaanite Baal Cycle. * Binaturalism: Conception of gods with as having â€Å"two natures. † An example of binaturalism is the Babylonian Tiamat, who is both a god and a thing (sea). * Syncretism: Adaptation of one culture's mythic beliefs by another culture. An example is the Sumerian Inanna is the same as the Akkadian Ishtar. * Sphere of Influence: Areas with which gods are associated/have power. For example the Greek god Zeus is the god of rain, lightning, kingship, hospitality. Primordial Waters: Waters that exist at beginning of or even before creation. In many creation myths. Usually precede the sea and other large bodies of water * Ancient Near East: The area encompassing Mesopotamia, Canaan, Israel, Anatolia and Egypt in which many myths were adopted such as the Babylonian Enuma Elish. The Ancient Near East does not include Ancient Greece. * Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia is known as the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Cultures such as the Babylonians resided there and assembled the creation myth, the Enuma Elish. * Sumerians: The Sumerians were the first people to inhabit Mesopotamia.They are considered the first human civilization and influenced the Akkadians. * Akkadians: The Akkadians were a culture in Mesopotamia. They overtook the Sumerians and adopted their spoken language. * Babylonians: The Babylonians were a culture in Mesopotamia. They created the myth the Enuma Elish and spoke a dialect of the Akkadian language. * Enuma Elish: A Babylonian Myth was written about 2000 BCE. This myth is a creation myth and succession myth that involves a great battle between the storm god Marduk and Tiamat, the god of the seas. * Marduk: The storm god in the Babylonian Enuma Elish.He is the son of Ea and Damkina, is crowned king of the gods and defeats Tiamat, creating the heavens and the earth. * cuneiform: Cuneiform is a type of script writing on tablets commonly used by ancient cultures such as the Babylonians. The myth the Enuma Elish was written by the Babylonians in cuneiform. * Apsu: Apsu is the binatural, Babyloninan god of freshwater who is the husband of Tiamat. Apsu is killed in the Enuma Elish by Ea. * Tiamat: Tiamat, the wife of Apsu, is the binatural, Babylonian god of the seas. In the Enuma Elish, Tiamat battles the storm god M arduk and loses. Lahmu: Lahmu is the son of the gods Tiamat and Apsu. In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Lahmu is described as being formed from the mingling waters of Apsu and Tiamat. * Lahamu: Lahamu is the daughter of the gods Apsu and Tiamat. In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Lahmu is described as being formed from the mingling waters of Apsu and Tiamat. * Anshar: Anshar is the Babylonian sky god. In the Enuma Elish, he is the son of Lahmu and Lahamu. * Kishar: Kishar is the Babylonian earth goddess. In the Enuma Elish, she is the daughter of Lahmu and Lahmu. * Anu: Anu is the son of both Anshar and Kishar.In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Anu gives Marduk the four winds to defeat Tiamat. * Ea/Enki/Nuddimud: Ea is the Babylonian trickster god who is the father of Marduk. In the Enuma Elish, Ea discovers Apsu's plot to wage war against the gods and Ea kills him. * Mummu: Mummu is a vizier in the Babylonian Enuma Elish. In this myth, Mummu gives Apsu the go ahead to kill the gods and is cap tured by Ea once he discovers Mummu's plot. * Damkina: In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Damkina is the mother of Marduk. She is the consort of Ea. * Qingu/Kingu: Qingu is the leader of Tiamat's army of eleven monsters in the Babylonian Enuma Elish.Tiamat also gives Qingu the Tablet of Destinies. * Tablet of Destinies: The Tablet of Destinies is given to Qingu in the Babylonian Enuma Elish. Marduk kills Tiamat and her army and reclaims the Tablet of Destinies. * Semitic: Semitic is a Mesopotamian culture that speaks a language similar to the language Hebrew. The Akkadians spoke this language. * Amorites: Amorites are a people that overthrew the Sumerians in Mesopotamia in 1900 BCE. They spoke a dialect of Akkadian. * Babylon: Babylon is the established capital city of Mesopotamia when controlled by the Amorites.People that lived in the capital city of Babylon were known as Babylonians and they are attributed for adopting the Enuma Elish. * ziggurat: Ziggurat is the temple in which gods were worshiped in Mesopotamia. Each city-state had its own patron god, and that god was worshipped in a ziggurat. * Akitu: Akitu is also known as the Babylonian New Year Festival. This festival honored Marduk as the King of the gods in the city of Babylon. * Baal Cycle: The Baal Cycle is a group of poems that surround the Canaanite god Baal. These myths involve Baal's battle with Yam, Baal's battle with Mot, and the dilemma surrounding his palace. Ugarit: Ugarit was a coastal trading city which was prosperous around 1400 BCE. This city is where thousands of clay tablets were found, including the Canaanite Baal Cycle * Canaan: Canaan is the region in which Ugarit was located. In this region, the Baal Cycle was adopted. * Canaanite: Canaanites are the people who lived in the region of Canaan. They were one of the first cultures to use an alphabetic writing system instead of a cuneiform system. * El: El is the father of the gods in Canaanite mythology. In the Baal Cycle, El agrees to give up Baal's hiding place to Yam so they could battle. Baal: Baal is the storm god mentioned in the Canaanite Baal Cycle. He uses two clubs to defeat Yam and become known as â€Å"Baal the Conqueror. † * Hadad: Hadad is another name for the storm god Baal. In Caananite culture, Hadad means â€Å"thunderer. † * Dagon: Dagon is the father of Baal in the Baal Cycle. He is the god of grain. * Zaphon: Zaphon is the sacred mountain that belongs to Baal. In the Canaanite Baal Cycle, Baal's palace is constructed here. * Asherah: In Canaanite mythology, Asherah is the wife of the god El. She is known as the Mother of the Gods. * Anat: In Canaanite myhtology, Anat is the sister of Baal.She is the bloodthirsty goddess of war and hunting who slaughters Yams warriors in the Baal Cycle. * Kothar-wa-Hasis: In Canaanite mythology, Kothar is a craftsman god. In the Baal Cycle, he creates the clubs Baal uses to defeat Yam and Baal's house out of cedar. * Shapash: Shapash is the sun go ddess in Canaanite mythology. In the Baal Cycle, she advises Baal to create a substitute that Mot will kill instead of Baal himself. * Attanu-Purlianni: Attanu-Purlianni is the name of the chief priest of the temple of Baal. The Ugaritic text the Baal Cycle was found in his library. Ilimiku: Ilimiku is the scribe who lived in Canaan. Ilimiku is the scribe who wrote down the Baal Cycle. * Niqmaddu II: Niqmaddu II was the king of Ugarit around 1375-1345 BCE. He was the king of Ugarit when the Baal Cycle was written. * Yam: Yam is the god of the seas in Canaanite culture. In the Canaanite Baal Cycle, Yam is defeated by the storm god Baal. * Mot: Mot is Death in  Canaanite mythology. He battles Baal in the Baal Cycle. * Ras Shamara: Ras Shamara is the modern name for the ancient city of Ugarit. Excavations of Ras Shamara gave light to Ugaritic culture, including the Baal Cycle. Hittites: The Hittites are an Indo-European people who ruled from 1700 to 1200BCE. Their mythology included over 600 gods and created the Kumarbi Cycle. * Hattians: The Hattians are a pre-Hittite people who resided in Anatolia. They were taken over by the Hittites and adopted a lot of their culture and syncretized some of their gods. * Hurrians: The Hurrians were a people who resided in northern, modern-day Syria who had an empire named Mittani. They were overtaken by the Hittites and syncretized some of their gods. * Hattusas: Hattusas is the capital of the Hittite empire.This city is where the Illuyanka Myths were found written on cuneiform tablets. * Hattian Storm God: The Hattian Storm god has no name and was the chief god of the Hittites. In version 1 of the Illuyanka Myths, the storm god defeats Illyanka when she is drunk and tied up. * Illuyanka: Illuyanka is the serpentine dragon in the Hattian Iluyanka Myths. In the first version, Illuyanka is killed by the storm god himself, whereas in the second version, Illuyanka is killed by the storm god’s son. * Purulli Festival: The Purulli Festival is the festival celebrating the arrival of spring by the Hattians.The Illuyanka Myths are associated with the Purulli Festival. * Inara: Inara is the daughter of the storm god in Hattian mythology. In the first version of the Illuyanka myths, Inara creates a feast for Illuyanka, and tricks the serpent into getting slain. * Hupasiya: Hupasiya is a mortal man who agrees to help Inara in the first version of the Hattian Illuyanka myths. In the myth, he ties up Illuyanka when she is extremely drunk and as a reward gets to sleep with Inara. * Kumarbi Cycle: The Kumarbi Cycle is considered a Hurrian literary work but is written in Hittite. These poems describe the Hurrian god of the Underworld, Kumarbi. Kumarbi: Kumarbi is the Hurrian god of the underworld. In the Hurrian Song of Kumarbi, he overthrows Anu and swallows his genitals, becoming pregnant with gods. * Alalu: Alalu is the king of the gods in Hurrian mythology and is the father of Kumarbi. In the Song of Kumarb i, he is dethroned by Anu. * Tessub: Tessub is the sky god in Hurrian mythology. In the Song of Ullikummi, Tessub battles Ullikummi. * Song of Kumarbi: The Song of Kumarbi is a succession myth in Hurrian mythology. In this myth, Kumarbi is ultimately overthrown by Tessub. * Song of Ullikummi: The song of Ullikummi is a succession myth in Hurrian mythology.In this myth, Kumarbi attempts to overthrow Tessub by impregnating a three mile rock with a child named Ullikummi to storm the heavens. * Ullikummi: Ullikummi is the child of Kumarbi and a stone in the Hurrian Song of Ullikummi. In this myth, Ishtanu spots Ulikummi growing and tells Tessub of the plot; a battle ensues and Ullikummi is defeated by Tessub. * Istanu: Ishtanu is the sun god in Hurrian mythology. In the Song of Ullikummi, Ishtanu discovers Ullikummi growing and warns Tessub about the threat. * Ubelurri: Ubelurri is the supporter of the sky in Hurrian mythology, similar to Atlas’ role in Greek Mythology.In the Hur rian Song of the Ulikummi, Ea goes to Ubelurri and cuts off Ulikummi with a cutting tool, removing Ulikummi from his hiding place * Musilis I: Musilis I is the Hittite king who was in charge of the raid of Babylon. This most likely resulted in the syncretism of the trickster god Ea in many Hittian myths. * Hattusilis I: Hattusilis I is the father of Musilis I. He was the king who founded the Hittian Empire in Anatolia. * Indo-European: The language of the Hittites which most likely originated in central Europe. This language is the ancestor to most modern day European languages. Mitanni: Mitanni is the capital of the Hurrian Empire north of Mesopotamia. Mittani is a cultural icon of the Hurrians which influence a lot of Hittite cultures. * Genesis: Genesis is the first book of the Torah and Bible which outlines two creation myths and a flood myth. This Israelite book is written in mostly prose which is drastically different than other myths of the time such as the Enuma Elish and th e Baal Cycle. * Israelites/Hebrews: The Israelites are a culture who resided in Canaan and were monotheistic. They are responsible for constructing the book of Genesis. ‘elohim: ‘Elohim is the title of the Israelite god in Genesis. This name is similar to the Canaanite ‘el but is a title rather than a name. * Yahweh: Yahweh is the name of the Hebrew God. Yahweh is a name given to call God in the Hebrew Book of Genesis. * ‘adonay: ‘Adonay means lord and is the newer name people used to describe god after 538 BCE. This is because people believed that Yahweh was too holy for humans to speak. * monolatry: Monolatry is the acknowledgement that there are many gods; however, only one is worshipped. This was the view of the Hebrew culture. * monotheism: Monotheism is the belief that there is only one god.This is the view of Hebrews after the Babylonian Exile in 536 BCE. * Leviathan: Leviathan is the sea creature that symbolizes evil in the Hebrew culture. In Ge nesis, Yahweh defeats the Leviathan, similar to Marduk defeating Tiamat. * Rahab: Rahab is another name for the sea serpent that Yahweh defeats. In Israelite mythology, the battle between Rahab and Yahweh is symbolism for the battle between order and chaos. * bereshith: Bereshith is the Hebrew word meaning â€Å"in the beginning. † This name is a description of chapter 1 of Genesis because it describes the Israelite myth of creation. JEDP Theory: The JEDP theory is the modern theory describing the Hebrew Torah, which contains Genesis. The theory explains that there are many discrepancies because the author was compiling several stories into one which means there are four distinct authors to the Torah. * shemesh: Shemesh is Hebrew word meaning Sun. This word is used in Genesis to distinguish it from other cultures around the same time such as the Ugaritic sun god â€Å"Shapash,† because the author of Genesis didn’t want to create the impression that Yahweh was cr eating a binatural god. * yareah: Yareah is the Hebrew word meaning Moon.This word is used in Genesis to distinguish it from other cultures around the same time such as the Ugaritic moon god â€Å"Yarikh,† because the author of Genesis didn’t want to create the impression that Yahweh was creating a binatural god. * tehom: Tehom is the Hebrew word meaning deep in Genesis. This word is used to refer to the primordial waters which are associated with chaos and disorder. * cosmocentric: Cosmocentric is used to refer that the creation of both the heavens and earth are created before humans. This idea is used in the first Hebrew creation myth in Genesis, Chapter 1. geocentric: Geocentric is a term used to refer to the creation of the earth, sea and plants. A geocentric creation is mentioned in the first creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis, which occurs on the third day. * anthropocentric: Anthropocentric is a term used to refer to creation of humans being the most important, followed by the Earth and other aspects. This concept is featured in the second creation myth of the Hebew Genesis. * Tree of Knowledge: The Tree of Knowledge is what the serpent in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis lures the man and woman too.The serpent, a trickster, promises the man and woman that eating from the Tree of Knowledge will make them God-like. * Tree of Life: The Tree of Life represents immortality in the Hebrew Genesis. Yahweh warns Adam and Eve to not eat from the Tree of Knowledge; when they disobey, he bans them from the garden so as to prevent them from eating of the Tree of Life and gain immortality. * ‘itsavon: ‘Itsavon is the Hebrew word meaning pain and toil. This word is mentioned in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis to refer to the punishment that Yahweh bestows upon Adam and Eve for eating from the Tree of Knowledge.For women, it means pain during childbirth and for men it means toiling in the soil. * ‘adam: â⠂¬ËœAdam is the Hebrew word meaning â€Å"man. † This word is used as a pun on the word ‘adamah in Genesis because ‘adamah means clay and the first man is made from clay. * ‘adamah: ‘Adamah is the Hebrew word meaning clay. This word is used as a pun on the word ‘adam in Genesis because ‘adam means man and clay is used to create the first man. * Adam: Adam is the name given to the first created man in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis. Adam is very obedient to Yahweh, but disobeys him when he accepts fruit from the Tree of Knowledge from Eve. Eve: Eve is the name given to the first created woman in the second creation myth of the Hebrew Genesis. Eve is tricked by the serpent into eating from the Tree of Knowledge and is punished by Yahweh. * Tanakh: Tanakh is the word given to describe the Jewish Bible. The first book of the Tanakh is the book of Genesis which outlines creation. * Israelite: An Israelite is an inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel. Israelites were the first believers in monotheism and authored the book of Genesis. * Solomon: Solomon is the son of David, whose reign marks the high point of political power of Ancient Israel.Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem to worship the one, Hebrew, god: Yahweh. * Babylonian Exile: The Babylonian exile is when the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BCE and deported the Israelites to Babylon. This exile marked the point in which the Israelites shifted from monolatry to monotheism. * Cyrus the Great: Cyrus the Great is Persian conqueror of Babylon in 538. He allowed the Israelites to return to their homeland and rebuild Jerusalem. * Hesiod: Hesiod is the Greek Poet who wrote the Theogony. In the beginning of the Theogony, Hesiod calls on the Muses to assist him in writing the myth. Theogony: The Greek Theogony is both a creation and a succession myth written by Hesiod around 700 BCE. This myth describes the creation of the universe and the succes sion of Kronos over Ouranos, and Zeus over Kronos. * proem: A proem is a short introduction in the opening lines of a poem that introduces a main theme. The Greek Theogony includes a proem in which Hesiod calls on the Muses for inspiration. * Muses: The Muses are goddesses that are believed in Greek mythology to inspire poets. In the Greek Theogony? the Muses inspire Hesiod to write the story of creation. * Helikon: Helikon is a mountain in Greece.In Greek mythology, this mountain is believed to serve as the home for the Muses. * Chaos: Chaos is the first god created in the Greek Theogony. Hesiod describes the binatural god Chaos as a large void and gap of empty space. * Gaia/Ge: Gaia is the binatural goddess of the Earth. In the Greek Theogony, she is considered to be one of the first four primal gods. * Tartaros: Tartaros is binatural god of the area below underworld. Considered to be one of the primal gods in the Greek Theogony, Tartaros is considered to be a prison where the Tit ans were confined. * Eros: Eros is the Greek, binatural, goddess of sexual desire.Eros is considered to be one of the primal gods in the Theogony. * Erebos: Erebos is the god of the underworld in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Erebos is born as a result of pathogenesis and conceives Air and Day with Night. * Ouranos: Ouranos is the god of the sky in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Ouranos mates with Gaia and gives birth to the titans, Cyclopes and the Hundred-handers. * Titans: The Titans are the children of Ouranos and Gaia in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Titans are defeated by Zeus and the Hundred-handers and are thrown into Tartaros. Cyclopes: The Cyclopes are the children of Gaia and Ouranos in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Zeus frees the Cyclopes from Tartaros and they make his thunderbolts which are used to defeat the Titans. * Hundred-handers: The Hundred-handers are the children of Gaia and Ouranos in Greek My thology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Hundred-handers help Zeus defeat the Titans. * Zeus: Zeus is the king of the gods in Greek mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Zeus throws Kronos into Tartaros and becomes King of the Gods. * Kronos: Kronos is a titan in Greek mythology.In Hesiod’s Theogony, Kronos stands up to Ouranos, castrates Ouranos with the sickle of adamant, and becomes the king of the gods until his son Zeus overthrows him. * sickle: A sickle is a weapon that Kronos uses to castrate Ouranos in the Greek Theogony. This sickle is given to Kronos by Gaia because she is furious that Kronos sent her children to Tartaros. * adamant: Adamant is a metal in Greek Mythology described as being the strongest metal in the world. Gaia gives Kronos a sickle made of this to castrate his father, Ouranos. * aphros: Aphros is the sea foam in Greek mythology from which Aphrodite is born.This foam is created when Kronos castrates his father Ouranos and throws his genitals into the sea. * Aphrodite: Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, she is born from the aphros that are a result of Ouranos’ castrated genitals in the sea. * Rhea: Rhea is wife and sister of Kronos in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Gaia tells Rhea to hide Zeus on Crete because Kronos begins eating all of his children as they are born because a prophecy from Gaia and Ouranos states that Kronos would be overthrown by his son. Olympians: The Olympians are the children of Rhea in Greek Mythology. In Hesiod’s Theogony, the Olympians help wage war with Zeus against the Titans. * Titanomachy: Titanomachy is the part of the Greek Theogony that describes battle with the Titans. The titans are thrown into Tartaros by Zeus at the end of the Titanomachy. * Metis: Metis is the early mate of Zeus in Greek mythology. In the Theogony, Metis becomes pregnant and Zeus swallows her because a prophecy is known that Zeus’ son wi ll overthrow the king of the gods. * Athena: Athena is the goddess of wisdom and cleverness in Greek mythology.In the Theogony, Athena is born from Zeus’ head after swallowing the pregnant Metis. * Typhoios: Typhoios is the son of Gaia and Tartaros in Greek mythology. This 100 headed, fire-breathing dragon battles Zeus, loses and is thrown into Tartaros. * Apollodorus: Apollodorus is falsely ascribed as the Greek writer who compiled the Library. Apollodorus includes a different version of the battle between Zeus and Typhoios than what is written in Hesiod’s Theogony. * Library: The Library is a Greek mythological handbook written around the first or second century CE.The Library is falsely attributed to Apollodorus, rather â€Å"Psuedo-Apollodorus† wrote the Library. * Delphyne: Delphyne is a dragon in Greek Mythology that guards the sinews of Zeus. These sinews were stolen from Zeus by Typhon. * Mt. Aitna: Mt. Aitna is the location in Apollodorus’ versio n of Zeus vs. Typhon in which Zeus attacks Typhon. Typhon is trapped under the mountain by Zeus and it subsequently becomes volcanic. * Phoenicians: The Phoenicians were a people living on the coast of modern-day Lebanaon. The Greeks adopted an alphabet script from them and created the Greek alphabet as a result. Ascra: Ascra is the city-state in which Hesiod is born. Hesiod is the author of the Greek Theogony. * Cyme: Cyme is the city in the Asia minor where Hesiod’s father left to move to Ascra. This city is important because living close to non-Greek cultures allowed Hesiod to learn many foreign myths, which most likely influenced his writing of the Greek Theogony * Atrahasis: Atrahasis is a Babylonian flood myth that describes Atrahasis, the king of the city of Shurupakk, survival. In the myth, Atrahasis builds a boat and survives the flood that lasts for seven days and seven nights. Ipiq-Aya: Ipiq-Aya is the author of the Babylonian flood myth Atrahasis. He wrote the poe m on three tablets in cuneiform. * Ellil: Ellil is the gods’ boss in in Babylonian Atrahasis. The noise of the humans anger Ellil and he sends a plague, a famine, a drought and finally a flood to destroy humanity. * Mami/Nintu: Mami is the creator goddess in Babylonian mythology. In Atrahasis, Mami creates humans from the blood of Ilawela and clay, creating seven men and seven women. * Ilawela: Ilawela is a Babylonian god who is slain in order to create humans.Mami uses the blood of the slain Ilawela to create humans to do the work of the gods. * Shuruppak: Shurupakk is the city in which Atrahasis is king. In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Ellil sends a plague to the city of Shuruppak to kill all humanity. * Namtara: Namtara is the god that the people of Shuruppak worship once the plague occurs. In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Namtara notices how all the people of the city are only worshipping him and he uplifts the plague to save humanity. * Adad: Adad is the god that the people of Shuruppak worship once the famine occurs.In the Babylonian Atrahasis, Adad notices how all the people of the city are only worshipping him and he uplifts the famine to save humanity. * reed hut: The reed hut is mentioned in the Babylonian Atrahasis when Enki promises not to tell humans about the flood. Instead, Enki tells the wall of a reed hut that a flood will happen and Atrahasis overhears this message to the reed hut and acts on the advice. * Epic of Gilgamesh: The Epic of Gilgamesh is a popular work made up of 12 cuneiform tablets. On the eleventh tablet of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, is where the flood myth with Utnapishtim is found. Utnapishtim: Utnapishtim is the king of the city of Shuruppak. In the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapistim is warned of a coming flood by Ea, survives and is granted immortality. * bitumen: Bitumen is the material used in making boats waterproof. In the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim uses bitumen to make his boat waterproof an d survive the huge flood. * Mt. Nimush: Mt. Nimush is the mountain that Utnapishtim lands on at the end of the flood in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. From this mountain, Utnapishtim releases the three birds, a dove, a swallow and a raven to see if there is land. Noah: Noah is the righteous man who evades the Flood in the Hebrew Genesis. God tells Noah to build a boat and to bring two of each animal with him. * cypress wood: Cypress wood is the wood that is explicitly stated by God to be used in the building of the boat. In the Hebrew Genesis, God gives Noah very specific direction on how to build the boat including that the wood must be cypress and even the exact dimensions. * Mt. Ararat: Mt. Ararat is the mountain in which Noah lands on at the end of the flood. In the Hebrew Genesis, Noah sends out a raven and doves from this mountain to see if there is land. berit: Berit is the formal agreement with life on Earth that he will never send any more floods. This agreement was made between God and Noah at the end of the Hebrew Genesis. * Ovid: Ovid is a roman poet who was exiled from Rome by Augustus. Ovid is the author of Metamorphoses. * Metamorphoses: Metamorphoses is a myth written by Ovid. This Greco-Roman myth explains the creation of the universe and a flood. * Augustus: Augustus is the Roman emperor around the time when Ovid wrote his Metamorphoses. Augustus sent Ovid out of Rome in exile for being critical of his rule. Stoic: Stoic is the architect god in Roman mythology. In the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, there are two stoic doctrines present which describe the flood and conflagration. * Prometheus: Prometheus is one of the four possible creators of humans. In the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, Prometheus uses earth and water to create humans. * Golden Age: The golden age is a time of peace and abundance in Greco-Roman mythology. This time was ruled by Saturn and is considered to be the best. * Saturn: Saturn is the Roman god who ruled over the Golden Ag e.In Ovid’s Metamorphoses Saturn ruled and granted an abundance of peace of prosperity. * Silver Age: The silver age is the second age in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses. This period Is ruled by the god Jupiter and is a time when men become more immoral. * Bronze Age: The Bronze Age occurs after the Silver Age in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This age does not last very long as men are very warlike and kill each other quickly. * Iron Age: The Iron Age occurs after the Bronze Age in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This age is considered to be our own age, in which technology is advanced, and humans have begun to sail and mine. Lycaon: Lycaon is the king of Arcadia (Greece). In the Greco-Roman, Metamorphoses, Lycaon is tested by the god Jupiter and is seen as a bad host. Lycaon is transformed into a wolf as a result. * xenia: Xenia is the Greek word meaning hospitality. Jupiter is the god of xenia as he punishes poor hosts. * xenos: Xenos is the Greek word meaning guest or host. In O vid’s Metamorphoses, Jupiter is the xenos of Lycaon and Lycaon shows him poor hospitality by giving him human flesh to eat. * Arcadia: Arcadia is the region of Greece where Lycaon is king in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses.Arcadia is the place in which Jupiter disguises himself as a human and catches Lycaon’s poor hospitality. * ekpyrosis: Ekpyrosis is a Greek word meaning conflagration. Conflagration is one of the Stoic’s doctrines which describes an extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land. Jupiter considers ekpyrosis in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, but rejects the idea in fear that the flames might reach the heavens. * kataklysmos: Katakylsmos is a term describing a devastating flood. This stoic doctrine is the one chosen by Jupiter in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses to punish humanity for being poor hosts. Neptune: Neptune is Jupiter’s brother in Greco-Roman Mythology. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Neptune aides Jupiter in sending the flood. * adynaton: Adynaton is a Greek word meaning impossible. This refers to the topsy-turvy world in the Greco-Roman Metamporphoses created after Jupiter’s flood, for example dolphins stuck in trees. * Deucalion: Deucalion is the son of Promethius in Greco-Roman Mythology. In Metamorphoses, he survives the flood with his wife * Pyrrha: Pyrrha is the wife of Deucalion and the daughter of Epimetheus in Greco-Roman Mythology.In Metamorphoses, she survives the flood with Deucalion and prays to mountain gods, nymphs and Themis. * Epimetheus: Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus in Greco-Roman mythology. In the Metamorphoses, the daughter of Epimetheus survives the flood. * Mr. Parnassus: Mt. Parnassus is the mountain where Deucalion and Pyyrha are swept during Jupiter’s flood in the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses. On this mountain, Deucalion and Pyyrha pray to the many gods during the flood. * Themis: Themis is the oracle that survives Jupiter’s flood in the Greco-Roman Meta morphoses.In the text, Themis tells Deucalion and Pyrrha to throw the bones of your mother behind your back, which leads to creation of humanity. * Tomis: Tomis is the place that Ovid, the roman poet and author of the Greco-Roman Metamrphoses, was exiled to. Ovid wrote poetry in Tomis and sent it to his wife in Rome. * carmen et error: Carmen et error is a latin term that means â€Å"a poem and a mistake. † Ovid, the author of the Greco-Roman Metamorphoses, uses this to refer to the reasons he was exiled from Rome. The poem was his guide to pick up women, Ars Amatoria, and his mistake was his sexual involvement with Julia, Emperor Agustus’ daughter.

Masters Level Education for Nurses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Masters Level Education for Nurses - Essay Example Studies show that errors may very well not have anything to do with the competence of staff but with the complexity of the systems that have evolved. This paper will discuss this healthcare system and how the Masters prepared nurse fits into it as well as that of the Masters prepared nurse with a specialty in Education. Strong partnerships are needed to advance the profession of nursing and to address the myriad of challenges that will be faced in the near future. These partnerships have the promise of making the kinds of changes that could be lasting and advance the nursing profession in such a way as to put nursing at the forefront of addressing the present dysfunctions in the system. After all who better to address those dysfunctions than nursing who is the caring advocate of the patient and system.(Lukosium, DiCenso, Brown 2004). There is not single definition but this writer would expect to be a part of extending the traditional scope of nursing in a highly autonomous practice, which maximizes the use of nursing knowledge and contributes to the development of the profession. Those things ca occur through the professional activities that include evaluating nursing interventions, enhancing the nursing role in the new models of care delivery, research education, and facilitating change in healthcare policies and practices. There is an expectation to be able to use innovation in this advancement which cannot occur without the education that a Masters degree provides. The Masters further provides this writer with the ability to achieve an integration of that knowledge in such a way as to include clinical practice, education, research, professional development, and organizational leadership. Masters Nurses are definitely leaders in their profession. "Today's assignment: Find more nurse educators." (Tressman, 2009). The battle cry for staff nurses has only quieted for a short time, quieted by the economy at this time. Soon it will begin again. It is far from over. How do we fill those nursing position when we do not have educators. The average age of a doctorally prepared full professor is 59 years old, 56 for associate professors and 52 for assistant professors (Tressman, 2009). Most nurse faculty retire at 63 therefore the pool of professors will be very much decreased very shortly. More than 50,000 qualified ap0plicants were turned away from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2008 in a large part because of insufficient numbers of nurse faculty. Most of the major Colleges of Nursing have faculty positions that they are searching at this time. There are many other drawbacks including pay and benefits. However, nursing program deans firmly believe that the benefits of being a nurse educator far outweigh the drawbacks. Two of the reasons that most faculty give for the importance of their job are that they are involved in influencing the next generation of nurses and the they have the ability to create new knowledge through research that benefits nurses and patients. These are the very reasons why this writer would want a specialty in Education. If one has a passion for nursing, one has a passion

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Assignment Example Applying the above theory to this coursework discourse, we can also assert that students have an expectation of what studying in the UK institutions should offer them. On the issue of studying in the United Kingdom, this present coursework mainly intends to investigate the extent to which students have become aware of financial issues that are faced with students who are joining universities. Therefore, the coursework will give information and advice on what first year undergraduate should expect to spend their money on when they arrive at the university and a rough estimate of these costs. Additionally, the coursework will highlight on the sources of finance that are available to students. Students’ expenditure budget According to Davey (2008), students learning at UK institutions are faced with a budget as they are supposed to cater for their needs and cover their own expenses, this more in particular for students are boarding at their learning institutions. Therefore, for f irst year undergraduate students the first thing that they should learn is financial management and proper budgeting in order to go through the entire term without financial hurdles and be able to fully concentrate on their studies. Among the common expenditure that students are faced with, include rent, food, communication (mobile/ internet), student supplies, council tax, transport, utilities, and banking charges such as opening a UK account. Estimate of a student budget For first year students who are going to undertake a course that runs for three years, the common budget estimates are presented in the table below. A 3 years course Amount in GBP Annual fees 2500 The living costs Books 62 Clothes 178 Concerts/ cinema 50 Travel home 50 Monthly expenditure Rent 340 Bar/restaurant bills 77 Food 130 Mobile phone 36 Transport 12 Shopping 69 Households bills 65 Other miscellaneous 20 Total Amount 37, 524 Based on this total amount that students will spend for their entire 3 years cours e, the annual amount that students will be required to have is 12508, on per term basis the required amount is 4168.33 while on monthly basis it is 1042.33. Evans (2011) stated that for students studying in the UK, there are various sources of finance that they can exploit in order to cover for their expenses and this excluded funds that can be provided for by their parents or guardians. Among the available sources, include student loans, grants that are offered annually, earning from part-time work, and holiday jobs. The estimate amounts that students could generate from these sources are as follows; Students’ possible income Student loan plus grant per year 6000 Part-time work 60 Holiday jobs 2500 Total 8560 The annual expenditure budget for students as it was noted was 12,508 and the rough estimates for students’ possible income per year is 8560 in total. Therefore, it means that on annual basis students will have a shortfall of 3948. This shortfall could either be covered by a funds received from parents or income earned from additional part time jobs and holidays jobs. However, it is of essence to note that for students to engage too much in jobs is highly likely to interfere with their education and they may end up have dwindling performances. The other key expense that was not included on the budget is healthcare costs for the students. This was intentionally excluded because of the fact that healthcare cost for students is also charged as part of the total school fees,

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

None - Essay Example Here is another example of a church steeple designed by Perret. Although it features flat faces and a square design, there remain interesting elements throughout the tower beginning with the same sort of simple understated buttresses at the top of the tower. These pull the interest up thanks to their staggered structure, some supporting high while others support low. Although the steeple is made of concrete, Perret introduces a sense of delicacy to the material with intricate lacy patterns running up the faces and throughout other segments of the church. I like the Maison de Georges Braque because it’s one of the few examples I’ve seen of a private home designed in the modern style. It features a concentration of glass and steel as its principle construction components with brick providing the more solid elements of the building at the entrance and along the matching chimneys found at either end. Perret added interest to the building by angling the upper windows in a gentle slope that both allows more light to enter the home as well as allows rain water to naturally slide off, therefore combining function with aesthetics. This is another example of a house designed in the modern style, but it’s only recognizable as a home because of its name. The building retains interest, though, thanks to the creative use of new building materials such as concrete, steel and glass. With its large front windows that span the entire front of the building and two thirds of its lower portion, it seems like a perfect showroom for a store and the optical illusion of the heavy upper story about to crush the airy lower story is interesting. This headquarters for the Navy presents a solid face to the surrounding world, but remains interesting because of its seemingly uneven divisions from top to bottom and its evenly spaced concrete and glass partitions along the sides.